Shakespeare s Sonnet 12 ( 1609 ) And George Herbert s...

This essay will address the theme of death in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 (1609) and George Herbert’s poem Virtue (1633). Both Shakespeare and Herbert explore notions of death in their poems, in terms of the tension between the psychical and the spiritual in a religious context. However, where they differ is that Shakespeare places emphasis on the importance of the corporeal, and of what is left behind on earth after death. In contrast, Herbert focuses on the impermanence of the physical, instead advocating a focus on the eternal life of the soul in heaven. In the late 16th and early 17th century, London was ravaged by the Black Death, causing many people to ruminate on death and their mortality. Shakespeare was arguably affected also, indeed â€Å"death as a concept is a reoccurring theme within Shakespeare’s work; prevalent through sonnets, tragedies and medieval morality plays through the character of Death† (Courtney, 1995). Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 12†explores the physicality of death, by describing the physicality and impermanence of the natural world. In the first eight lines this is achieved in a traditional blazon format, perhaps to emphasise the physicality of earthly life. The speaker ruminates on the temporality of life through the image of death and decay and concludes that the only way in which to ensure ‘immortality’ is through procreation and continuation of the family line, so that he may not be forgotten after death. In the opening line, the speaker meditates on

Cyber Surveillance And Cyber Security - 1297 Words

Cyber security analyst help stop cyber attacks from occurring, they help businesses protect their networks from hackings, viruses, and cyber threats. They aid to keep our personal information private from hackers. Cyber security analyst is a growing field due to the number of cyber attacks and online threats. â€Å"Cyber security analyst’s main responsibility is to plan and lay out security procedures for the protection of organization’s computer systems and networks. With the daily increase in cyber threats, the job duties of a computer security analyst are always changing† (wright, 2010) In order to become a cyber security analyst you will need an associate’s degree, a bachelor’s degree, or a master’s degree. Some qualities that are looked for in a cyber security analyst are understanding for various programs and computer solving systems, power written and verbal communication skills, and independent problem solving skills just to name a few. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2012 the median pay for a cyber security analyst is $86,170 per year, with a payment of $41.43 dollars per hour. The number of jobs in this field are 75,100 with the job out looks from 2012-22 of 37% which is much faster than average (statistics, 2014-15). According to Deb Shinder who is a technology consultant, trainer, and author of many books on computer operating systems, networking, and security. The ethical issues involving the use of technology in cyber security analyst include cyberShow MoreRelatedCyber Surveillance And Cyber Security Monitoring1021 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Cyber analytics is a branch of analytics that systematically provides the analysis of the data pertaining to the domain of computers and network. It basically, tells the story behind cyber data. Cyber analytics is used to support computer security, computer or network administration, auditing, and several other application areas.† Implementation Cyber Security Monitoring To perform adaptive cyber-security analytics using a computer implemented method that includes receiving a report on a networkRead MoreThe Security Agency Surveillance And Cyber Attacks3323 Words   |  14 Pages Communications Security April M. Walker American Military University â€Æ' Communications Security Communications Security is critical to preventing adversaries from obtaining information traversing the internet. With today’s technology just about all information is being transmitted via the internet or phone lines or mobile radios. This can be anything from credit card payments for online purchases to classified secret level or above information for military operations. The technology involvedRead MoreCybercrime Is A Serious Issue1444 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the main risks to cyber security and are states or non-state actors the main challenge? Word Count 1188 Cybercrime is a serious issue that the international community faces today, with risks such as theft, espionage, surveillance and sabotage, a very real and accessible threat exists. Cyber security can be defined as a cyber activity that may threaten the security of a system or its information (Threat report 2015). There are various state and nonRead MoreSurveillance Program Unethical Use Of Computer1628 Words   |  7 Pagesunethical use of computer? There has been a case similar to that situation when the US government used national security surveillance programs for the intent to protect Americans from terrorism and cyber-attacks. These surveillance programs were initiated by NSA to spy on telecommunication data and the internet activities. However, these programs were created for the purpose of maintaining the security of people. These programs are effective tools to confront the terrorist threat that the government beenRead MoreCyber Security Is A Needed Profession Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pages Cyber Security is a needed profession that affects all different sizes of companies due to a wide variety of different types of threats like malicious codes like illegal young adult content, malware, and spyware to computer viruses. Malware can be very serious that they have the ability to easily erase the whole entire computer to non dangerous easy fix like email viruses. We need cyber security to stop the numbers of threats around the world. There have been unprecedented rise in cyber attacksRead MoreA Country Description Of Japan Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesthe country s economy and its energy infrastructure, and tested its ability to deal with humanitarian disasters. Prime Minister Shinzo ABE was re-elected to office in December 2012, and has since embarked on economic and security reforms. Part II- Political and Security Topics Topic 1: Counterterrorism Japan is implementing a variety of measures under the â€Å"3 Pillar Foreign Policy† which was formulated in 2015 in response to the terrorist incident regarding the murder of Japanese citizensRead MoreThe Threat Of Cyber Security1351 Words   |  6 Pagesthe technology from ten years ago, even to the point in which a single cyber-attack can cause the death of millions of people. For that reason, cyber security has become one of the most important matters for many countries. There is no doubt that the United States is one of the most technologically advanced and more powerful countries in the world and for that same reason it instantly becomes one of the main target of cyber-attacks. In order to maintain the country safe and defend against attacksRead MoreInternet Of Things And The Security Cameras1459 Words   |  6 PagesSome of the examples are routers, switches, security cameras, control systems used in gas stations etc. This paper begins with an introduction on IoT. As IoT includes thousands of devices, we have restricted our scope to security cameras. Our paper discusses in detail the vulnerabilities existing in today’s security cameras, different ways in which cyber criminals can take advantage of these weaknesses and the measures that can be taken to strengthen security in cameras. Introduction The world is gettingRead MorePrivacy Infringement by Surveillance Technology1042 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities in the world, the nations have felt to strengthen the national security using the latest technology trends; so, have lead to the development of the CCTV’s cameras and with the changing technology trends, the government has started to store the public database and the other activities through internet i.e. the government is trying to switch over e-governance. But inspite of such development and advancement, the surveillance technology is in the controversy of infringement of the individual’sRead MoreSupply Chain Management And Logistics, Selma. As One Of1240 Words   |  5 PagesSupply Chain Management and Logistics, Selma As one of the world’s leading security company, Northrop Grumman is striving to keep up with its fast-growing scope. One of Northrop’s main secrets in providing top notch capability and cost efficiency to its customers is making their supply chain management and logistics the company’s priority. Northrop has three large different supply chains concentrating on aerospace systems, mission systems and technology services. Aerospace Systems The mission of

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Questions Free Essays

TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD Chapters 1-5 _____l. Jema. respected lawyer in town _____2. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simon Finchb. is the main â€Å"character† actor in the plays performed by the children _____3. Boo Radleyc. never brings a lunch to school because his family is too poor _____4. Atticusd. A big sin because they are innocent; known for their sweet song _____5. Jacke. only comes the first day of every school year; whole family lazy _____6. Calpurniaf. Atticus’s brother; he is a doctor _____7. Mrs. Dubose (Doo-bwah)g. Dill’s Aunt _____8. Miss Rachelh. Arthur _____9. Dilli. Sixth grade teacher ____10. Stephanie Crawfordj. Setting of book ____11. Mr. Radleyk. Place where gifts are exchanged ____12. Alexandral. narrator of the story ____13. Young Arthur Radleym. described as â€Å"looking and smelling like a peppermint drop† ____14. Charles Harris Bakern. town gossip ____15. Nathan Radleyo. Scout ____16. For Boo, From Jem Dillp. nanny, housekeeper, yells at Scout a lot ____17. Scoutq. Atticus’s sister ____18. Maycomb, Alabama in 1933r. arrested with Cunningham gang for locking Mr. Conner in outhouse ____19. Miss Caroline Fishers. compared to a chameleon; makes individual cakes for the kids ____20. Miss Maudiet. Ancestor who settled Finch’s Landing ____21. Jean Louis Finchu. wishes his dad would play tackle football ____22. Walter Cunninghamv. Boo’s older brother ____23. Mr. Cunninghamw. mean neighbor who sits on his/her porch; two doors down ____24. Miss Blountx. owed an â€Å"entailment† to Atticus ____25. Radley’s Oak Treey. A note to Boo, asking him to come out, ice cream as a reward ____26. Burris Ewellz. supposedly stabbed in the thigh by his son ____27. To Kill A Mockingbirdaa. Dill WRITE ANSWERS ON YOUR OWN PAPER FOR THE FOLLOWING: 1. Give a good explanation of what â€Å"entailment† is. Look on page 21, two paragraphs starting with, â€Å"Atticus said professional people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2. METAPHOR: In reading a good book or story, we are interesting in what happens, but it is equally interesting to observe HOW the story is written. Miss Maudie is called a ‘chameleon. ’ Explain what a chameleon is, then how this applies to her. Look on page 42, the paragraph starting with, â€Å"Miss Maudie hated her house†¦Ã¢â‚¬  3. EVALUATION THROUGH PREDICTION: Think about the two sticks of chewing gum that were put in the knothole of the tree. Write your answer after the question in the space below: 1. Why do you think that the outer wrapper was taken off, and the tinfoil was left on? 2. Why do you think that there were two pieces instead of just one? 3. Why do you think that the person chose to put gum in the knot-hole instead of something else? 4. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST: The Cunninghams and the Ewells represent a JUXTAPOSITION (putting two things side by side) of â€Å"two kinds of poor. † Make lists of how they are similar and how they are different. How to cite To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Questions, Essay examples

Public Management in Public Sector Services †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Public Management in Public Sector Services. Answer: Introduction: The article focuses onpublic management in public sector service of Australia. The article commences with Kennett government reforms in the Victoria Public Service and then goes on to describe the reforms put forward by the Howard Government in the Australian Public service. Australia has a wider public sector controlled by larger number of government organizations outside core public service for performing different functions along with providing varied services to the community. Organizations of such stature include the public utilities that provide electricity, transport and services related to water supply. Other organizations of the public sector include the organizations that undertook operating outside the framework of public service including the non-commercial public broadcasting organizations, research institutions and the education supported by government. The article shows how the Kennett government undertook reforms to ensure that the Australian people were able to cut b ack on the social spending ensure privatization of the public assets and prevent attacks on the worker wages and conditions. Between the year 1992 and 1999, the Victorian State Government guided by Jeff Kennett led to implementation of a widespread public service restructuring program observed by Australia, a portion of it is engaged with the major changes taking place in the organization and the operations of the local government. The article also draws an insight into reforms of public sector reforms proposed by the Howard Government that led to the improvement of the workplace relations thereby ensuring a rise in productivity and the living standards of the Australian people. Factors Influencing the Public Sector Reform by Kennett Government Three factors led to influence the public sector reform agenda put forward by Kennett government. These involved the support for the ideas of public choice, concerns for the state budget and the initiatives for micro economic reform at the national level (Aulich, 1999). The key factor that underpinned the reform agenda of the public sector by the Kennett government remained in the acceptance of the public choice ideology under the successive party led governments throughout 1980s. During this time, government in the highly developed industrial countries slowed down the public sector growth and hence reduced the fiscal deficit through the applications of the public theory that assumed that with the procedure of decision-making, it is necessary for the individuals in maximizing their utility through behaving in self-interested and rational manner. However, for attaining the outcomes there were funding cuts in the public sector, expansion in themanagement approaches of the private sector, privatisation of the various public instrumentalities, application of mechanisms of the pseudo market for delivering public goods (O'Flynn, 2007). The second key force acting as the motivating factor for the public sector reform agenda undertaken by Kennett government was the financial circumstances faced by the public sector finance of Victoria during the period that led up to the elections(Guthrie, 1998). The Kennett government initiated investigation into the finances of the public sector through the appointment of the Victorian Commission of Audit (VCA). The Kennett government mentioned that the audit would ensure the Victorian public with a comprehensive and accurate statement of the state of finances of the state. The VCA published its final report in the year May 1993 and had two volumes (English, 2003). The first volume comprised of the financial matters while the second volume showed the means by which the government ran. The Victorian economy also faced two additional problems. The first resulted from a higher number people moving towards the other states that rose from 5,799 in the year 1985 to about 30,081 in the ye ar 1993 (English Guthrie, 2001). The financial debts were the second problem that resulted due to the failure of Victorian Economic Development Corporation along with collapse of Tricontinental. Such economic conditions became quite notable in the brokerage market of the world. The state government ratings downgraded to AA from the AAA mark. To restore the finances of the state, the VCA put forward various recommendations to Kennett government. The primary amongst them included the reduction of the debt of the state sector through privatizations and sales, reduction of the spending levels and the increase of taxation. The third factor that influenced the Kennett government for undertaking the reforms in the public sector remained in the prevailing political and public discourse on the microeconomic reforms (Jones Kettl, 2006). The Kennett government came to power during the time when there persisted a need for micro-economic reforms especially in public sector by State and the Federal governments throughout the Australia The Approach of the Kennett Government The Kennett government put forward a highhanded approach where the government asserted its right of reforming the sector of the local government and demanded it to be followed by the local council (Smith, 2004). However, the Kennett government also thought on line that acceptance by the local council was difficult unless compelled. As the Kennett government had large majorities in both houses of State Parliament, the policies implemented had a smooth passage in becoming a law. There was subsequent reduction for any kind of debate or consultation. The Kennett government also led to the removal of the right of individual councils in appealing the proposals for restructuring via Supreme Court. This prevented costly and unnecessary litigation. Under the Kennett government, the policy measures passed in the Parliament at quite a rapid rate. This led to the reduction of the opportunities for scrutiny or consultation from the stakeholders. In a matter of simply 15 months, the Kennett govern ment restructured and dismissed the local councils into the larger units headed by the newly appointed chief executive officer (Van Gramberg Teicher, 2000). Another striking feature of the policies for reform was the implementation of single frame for the local government. Further, the Kennett government ignored diversity between the local councils primarily in terms of physical size and population, nature of the provided services, the councils financial situation and use of the tendering practices that were competitive. The Kennett Government Reform Policies between 1992 and 1999 The reform initiated by the Kennett government kept few areas of the local government untouched. There were changes in five main policies between the year 1992 and 1999. This involved the amalgamations of the council, financial savings,management of the local council, compulsory competitive tendering and electoral changes (Goldfinch Roberts, 2013). There have been attempts of reforming failed policies but it failed either due to lack of the government control or due to the existence of little interest in reforming the authorities of the public sector. The Kennett government did not lack any kind of apprehension or power and restructured the local government in a dramatic manner. The Kennett government led to the promotion of amalgamation as an instance for the decisiveness of the government in trading with the financial issues of state. During the first year of the operation of the Kennett government, it was expected of the councils for reduction of combined total revenue collected by the preceding local councils by close to twenty percent. During the year, 1995 and 1997, the Kennett government also reduced the expenditures of the local council by around ten per cent. The Kennett government also granted additional powers to ministers for the local government through implementation of the Local Government Act of 1996 for controlling the level of the general council rate (Connell, 2013). This also focused on limiting the spending of the local council. The control of the Kennett government over actions of the local government is extended in managing the new municipalities. The commissioners also had the instructions for ensuring that the newly formed council helped in preparing the business plans for achieving the imposed targets for savings, development of a system of rating for the new council, negotiation and implementation of the bargaining agreements of the staff with the enterprise and in preparing for re-election of the councilors (Aulich, 1999). The new council under the Kennett government also introduced the fixed-term and the employment contracts for the senior officers based on their performance. The Kennett government implemented three primary changes in the electoral basis of the local councils (English, 2003). Firstly, there was reduction in the number of elected representatives for each council that has had a reduction from 21 to 12 through the Local Government Act of 1997. Secondly, the government also ensured standardization of elected council members for three-year term in contrast to the earlier arrangement that implicated a portion of council membership facing the reelection on twelve-monthly basis. The Kennett government also introduced postal voting that replaced the earlier system of maintaining the attendance of the voters at the polling booths. This form of voting focused at increasing the interest and the participation in the elections of the local governments. Under the Kennett government, the local councils remained obligated in following a competitive process of tendering for the activities that accounted for about 20 percent of the total expenditure for ope ration. The Outcome The Kennett government aimed at increasing the efficiency and decreasing the cost of the public sector along with the reduction of its size and scope and reduction of power and pressure of the trade unions belonging to public sector. The reform of the Kennett government expected to help in cost savings and improvements of the efficiencies. The Kennett government also put forward that reforms were necessary as the local councils ran inefficiently and he insisted on overhauling the entire system of the local government so that cost savings trickles down to community. Reforms were also necessary as the Kennett government fundamentally rearranged and redefined the working of public sector thereby leading to a reduction of their role as nonstop provider of the services and goods of the public. Through the reforms, the Kennett government also initiated reducing influence and position of trade unions on local government. Factors Influencing the Public Sector Reform by Howard Government During the first three terms of the office, John Howard resisted the pressures in radicalizing the reform agenda since there was no fixed economic rationale for shifting the gear, as the public were not in a position to be fully receptive for the bigger leap in reform along with the fact that he lacked control of the Senate (Byrnes, 2013). However, by the end of the year 2005, the scenario changed. Firstly, there was a wider awareness of the public in the prospect of the ageing population that coupled with the evidence of the comparatively lower participation rates of the workforce in Australia within the age group of 25 to 54. This acted as a strong economic and fiscal rationale for the governments in addressing the problem of hidden unemployment in Australia. Secondly, by the end of the year 2005, the community values became less friendly to the egalitarian policies of workplace. This reflected changes such as fracturing the solidarity of the worker, the growth of the culture for equity investment, the effects of globalization cumulative in encouraging the competitive individualism and increasing the hostility of the community and the handouts of the government for the able bodied people in the state of buoyant economic conditions. Thirdly, in the year 2004, the coalition gained the control of Senate that paved the w ay for radicalising the reforms. However, in the new cultural and political environment, the Howard government was able to provide a freer rein to the ideological propensities related to the dislikes of the trade unionism and the regulation for worker protection. The Approach of the Howard Government The Howard Government in the year 2005 made changes in the laws of the federal industrial relation known as the Work Choices (MacDermott, 2013). This government put forward amendments to Workplace Relations Act of 1996 by replacing it with Workplace Relation Amendment Act of 2005 that became effective from 27 March 2006. The Work Changes came into operation on April 2006. This involved a transition from the collective bargaining and regulated award towards the individual contracts. This also involved strengthening the power of themanagement over the remuneration and the deployment of the staff. This included the working time, penalty rates, firing, hiring, and the access to the foreign guest workers. Moreover, all at a once, the Howard Government has made the welfare aspect lesser accessible and much more conditional with imposition of tougher penalties for the compliance of the failures (Legreid, 2017). Such a reform of the government helped in extending the newer rules to the not only the sole parents but also the people with disability who is them forced for looking into the part time and the lower skilled jobs. The Howard government has made welfare more conditional and less accessible with tougher penalties for the compliance failures and an extension of new rule to the sole parents and disabled people for looking into part time and lower skilled work. There also existed the fear of losing the eligibility for the welfare benefits that will make it further difficult for the employed workers in exiting from the unsatisfactory jobs or lead to the rejection of the jobs that is lower paid just in case one is retrenched. Therefore, the ultimate impact of changes in welfare system implies further increment of the probable market authority of the employers in comparison to the vulnerable employees. The Howard Government Reform Policies between 1996 and 2007 The Howard Government implemented welfare to work agenda that took care of the unfair dismissals that provided the managers greater flexibility in the management of the human resources that might have a positive impact on the productivity (Butcher, 2013). According to the impact, relating to the distribution of the market power, the Work Choice and welfare to work agenda has been a fundamental break from the past. Therefore, the reforms undertaken by the Howard government includes: Clawing back of the collective reform Ensuring the increase of the managerial autonomy Transformation of an indirect power into the labor laws with the help of independent arbitrator into direct power that will be under the control of the executive. Complete disempowering of many of the workers by essentially redefining the right for welfare. The outcome The reforms undertaken by Howard Government had direct impact on the employment and productivity as it worked towards providing better flexibility in the management of the human resources thereby leading to positive impact on productivity. The reforms also had an impact on the distribution and the aggregate utility as it will provide a fundamental break from the past and help in reducing joblessness. Conclusion: The essay ends by providing an insight into the reform policies of the Kennett government and the Howard government undertaken for the public sector of Australian economy. The Victorian government underwent extreme reform during the 1990 that coincides with the election of coalition government led by Kennett. Thus, the reforms undertaken by the Howard and the Kennett government also brought in certain policies that provided an impetus for change and improvement within the public service of Australia. Presently, quality people want to work in an ambience of innovation, best practice and excitement. The modern Australian Public Service is that where people know that their achievements will be able to make real difference in the lives of the people. References: Aulich, C. (1999). From convergence to divergence: reforming Australian local government.Australian Journal of Public Administration,58(3), 12-23. Butcher, J. (2013). The national compact: civilizing the relationship between government and the notforprofitsector in Australia.Government-nonprofit relations in times of recession. Byrnes, J. (2013). A short institutional and regulatory history of the Australian urban water sector.Utilities Policy,24, 11-19. Connell, R. (2013). The neoliberal cascade and education: An essay on the market agenda and its consequences.Critical studies in education,54(2), 99-112. English, L. (2003). Emasculating public accountability in the name of competition: transformation of state audit in Victoria.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,14(1-2), 51-76. English, L., Guthrie, J. (2001). Public sector management in the State of Victoria 19921999: genesis of the transformation. InLearning from International Public Management Reform: Part A(pp. 45-59). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Goldfinch, S., Roberts, V. (2013). New public management and public sector reform in Victoria and New Zealand: Policy transfer, elite networks and legislative copying.Australian Journal of Politics History,59(1), 80-96. Guthrie, J. (1998). Application of accrual accounting in the Australian public sectorrhetoric or reality.Financial accountability management,14(1), 1-19. Jones, L. R., Kettl, D. F. (2006). Assessing public management reform strategy in an international context. InComparative Public Administration(pp. 883-904). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Lgreid, P. (2017).Transcending new public management: the transformation of public sector reforms. Routledge. MacDermott, K. (2013).Whatever Happened to Frank and Fearless?: The impact of new public management on the Australian Public Service. ANU Press. O'Flynn, J. (2007). From new public management to public value: Paradigmatic change and managerial implications.Australian journal of public administration,66(3), 353-366. Smith, R. F. I. (2004). Focusing on public value: Something new and something old.Australian Journal of Public Administration,63(4), 68-79. Van Gramberg, B., Teicher, J. (2000). Managerialism in local governmentVictoria, Australia.International Journal of Public Sector Management,13(5), 476-492.

Should Private Car Owners Be Taxed for Pollution free essay sample

Gasoline should private car owners be taxed for pollution? With people’s living conditions getting better and better, many people now have their private cars. There’s no doubt that it is because of cars that we lead a more convenient life. By cars , we can go many places which are far from us. Besides , cars can save us a lot of time to go to distance. However, in recent days, a discussion has hit us about whether private car owners should be taxed for pollution. In my opinion, they should be taxed for pollutuon. As we all know, too many cars will lead to many problems. Every morning, when people are going to work, the road may be clogged with cars. Otherwise, cars release plenty of harmful gas emissions, which will pollute the air and cause people’s diseases. First of all, the gas emissions of cars include carbonic oxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, sulfur dioxide ect, which really do harm to the environment to a large extent. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Private Car Owners Be Taxed for Pollution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They will lead to foggy weather, acid rain, acid soil and water and so on. What’s worse, the trees and flowers will not grow normally because of the the pollution. Many buildings, will be dissloved by the acid rain as well. Crops will no longer have gains. On the other hand, these chemical substances are closely related to our health. People who have taken in the polluted air will risk to get ill. They may have cancers, eyes problems, and many other dieases. Consequently, from the reasons above, I think that private car owners deserve to be taxed for pollution.

20 Classification Essay Topics on Agricultural Economics

20 Classification Essay Topics on Agricultural Economics Agricultural economics is a field which focuses on the application of economic principles to optimize agricultural practices. However, the subject is quite vast and finding a topic that is just right for the classification essay tasked to you can be a challenge. If you are having trouble coming up with a topic, be it because there are so many or because you chose to do this assignment at the very last minute, do not worry. You can simply choose from the following 20 general topics or narrow one of these down to do it justice in your assignment: The Efficiency of Crop Diversification Strategies Eco-Labeled Seafood Available at a Premium: A Consumer-Centric Study Staple Foods of the Developing World Cash Crops and the Effects of Climate Change Precision Agriculture Strategies for Field-Level Management Significant Theories of Crop Science and their Practical Implementation Agricultural Input Factors which Optimize Crop Yield Enhancing the Nutritional Quality of Staple Foods: Success and Failure Scenarios Global Agricultural Trade Structure The Major Types of Food Safety Regulations Applicable to Global Trade Techniques in Organic Farming Statistical Techniques Used for Modeling and Predicting Price Volatility in Agricultural Markets Efforts to Modernize Farming in Mountainous Regions Economic Development and Market Institutions in Developing Countries Vegetable and Fruit Planting Restrictions Major Risks Faced by Agribusiness Firms Major Livestock Disease Outbreaks and Their Impact on Consumer Demand Deforestation and its Disastrous Effects Solving Agricultural Problems with Experimental Economics Food Labeling Laws in Different Countries Most of these topics do not need any tweaking if your assignment is a classification essay. However, you are welcome to further delve in these if you would like. A simple trick to find a classification technique is to focus on different regions, different policies, kinds of crops, the level of sophistication of farming techniques, or even a specific country. Any of these classification principles will work with the majority of the topics listed above. You can also refer to the list of 10 facts on agricultural economics for a classification essay for further ideas. With the topic in hand, it is time to put pen to paper. If you need help with this aspect, here is a sample classification essay that will clarify the writing process. The sample does not contain detailed guidelines, but you can use it as a rough template. For more detailed instructions, refer to our guide on how to write a classification essay on agricultural economics. Sample Classification Essay: The African Crops Most Vulnerable to Climate Changes In the wake of major changes in global climate trends, the world is in need of more climate-resilient food systems. This is especially true for developing nations in Asia and the Sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural activity is set to decline in these regions even if the targeted two-degree change occurs. Trends forecast a rate of 1-5% decline per decade due to climate change. In Africa specifically, tropical cereal crops such as maize, common beans, finger millet, and the cash crop Arabica coffee will face decline in production levels. It is necessary to analyze the vulnerability levels of food staples and cash crops in order to develop better food security programs. Research and forecasts show that the common bean, maize and coffee production will suffer as climate change renders vast areas of land unsuitable. All these crops will either need to be replaced or will require major adaptation plans. Coffee production is at risk due to climate change. The Robusta coffee will be less severely affected, but Arabica coffee production levels will face major decline. Forecasts show that producers located in East Africa will have to look to other regions to find land more conducive to coffee production. The land suitability will decline by the largest amount (50% or greater) in Tanzania, Mozambique and Uganda. The countries facing a less dire situation (20-50%) are Rwanda and Burundi. The situation will be relatively less severe (15% or fewer decline) in Ethiopia and Kenya. Regardless, the results will most likely be the migration of Arabica coffee areas to higher altitudes and the replacement of Arabica coffee areas with the more heat-resistant Robusta variety. Maize is one of the major sources of calories in the African region. It is cultivated in areas of Africa projected to be severely impacted by climatic changes. Studies show that almost the entire (around 90%) maize area will be negatively affected. The resultant decline in production will range from 12-40%. By the 2050s, countries in West Africa will face production losses between 20-40%. Other African countries, namely Botswana, Kenya and Mozambique, will face similar, but less severe losses. Adequate adaptation measures for maize production must be planned and implemented to minimize future food security concerns. Many African countries also rely on the common bean as it is a major source of nutrition. Though essential, the crop is highly vulnerable to climate change. Projections for the coming decades show significant decline in production and losses of suitable areas. There are, however, some positive outcomes of new breeding experiments. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture has managed to grow a common bean variety which tolerates an increase of 3+ degrees Centigrade without any damage to the yield. This resilient version has been tested in greenhouse environments. If the benefits in the lab translate to the real world, the common bean will survive the 21st century without major issues. It is necessary to study the various impacts of climate change on crop yields. It is the first step towards spreading awareness and development of targeted adaptation measures. The populations in developing countries must be prepared for the eventual food production decrease which is set to occur in the coming decades. The policy-makers also need to address the challenges of food security with appropriate programs and planning. You can definitely come up with a better essay, so why are you still here? Use the details from all our guides on agricultural economics and come up with a great essay that your instructor will be happy to grade highly. References: Crops under a changing climate: what are the impacts in Africa?. (2015). Ccafs.cgiar.org. Retrieved 29 March 2016, from https://ccafs.cgiar.org/blog/crops-under-changing-climate-what-are-impacts-africa#.Vvtfd-J97ct Benor, Daniel, James A. Harrison, and Michael Baxter. â€Å"Agricultural Extension: The Training and Visit System.† World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1989. Dixon, John, and Aidan Gulliver with David Gibbon. Farming systems and poverty: improving farmers’ livelihoods In a changing world. Rome and Washington, D.C.: FAO and the World Bank, 2001 Flores, Rafael, and Stuart Gillespie, Health and Nutrition: Emerging and Reemerging Issues in Developing Countries, IFPRI 2020 Vision, Focus 5, February 2001 Foster, Phillips, and Howard D. Leathers, The World Food Problem (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1999) Berry, Albert, and William Cline. Agrarian Structure and Productivity in Developing Countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979. Dimitri, Carolyn, Anne Effland, and Neilson Conklin. The 20th Century Transformation of U.S. Agriculture and Farm Policy. Washington, D.C.: Economic Research Service, USDA, 2005.

Renaissance and how this Era influence fashion trends and designers Essay

Renaissance and how this Era influence fashion trends and designers now days - Essay Example zed clothing became more popular as sewing and stitching technologies became widespread and the world moved into the era of industrialization (Breward). It was then precisely that the fashion industry was born; henceforth the concept of fashion came into existence. Renaissance is one of the hallmarks of fashion and cultural movements spanning from 14th to the 17th century (Zirpolo). It encompassed not just art and fashion but also influenced science, literature, politics as well as many other aspects of human life having a profound impact on the way of life (Zirpolo). It is no surprise, therefore, that designers also fell prey to the fashion marked by this movement which are followed to date. Works from famous fashion designers from Italy and Germany, including Rene Ward, Andrew Mc Clellan and John Sir Michael Struck were the hallmarks of the Renaissance movement. The fashion trends that emerged in this era were diverse, ranging from flares and broad barrel-shaped attire to narrower, slimmer gowns. Perhaps majority of the trends that emerged from the Renaissance era bear resemblance to contemporary fashion. Garments were considered a symbol of wealth for the nobles and riches as is the case today; although it was more so back then in the Renaissance era. Garments were viewed as adornments of wealth, creating stark divisions between the rich (nobles) and the poor. This continues to be a trend to date. Dark colors in particular were preferred in an attempt to showcase ornaments, jewelry and other accessories (Moose). The more articulate the tailoring (with cuts and flairs) the higher the prestige of its owner and the more highly exquisite the clothing was considered. (Breward). The riches did not compromise on clothing even during tough times, as is the case today. Clothing is still seen as crucial to the portrayal of prosperity and wealth (Mack). This is evident to date in, for instance, Great Britain where the Royal Family continues to extravagantly

PR Planning and Strategy (Blogger Relations) Article

PR Planning and Strategy (Blogger Relations) - Article Example However, the turbines occupy a small land, thus the rest of the land can be utilized for agriculture. This makes this source of energy the most appropriate for farming regions. This implies that land value is increased through these dual uses. However, there can be conflicts in land usage, which can arise from the clearing of trees in water catchment areas. Moreover, many people argue that their presence reduces the value of properties. Black (2006, p. 37) argues that the turbines have rotors which kill birds, especially the eagles, when they are spinning. Electric current generated also kills these birds. Strategic planning can be done in order to eliminate the shortfalls of this source of energy. In addition, the wind industry has to liaise with the environmental organizations to resolve some of these problems. In order to avert the problems associated with global warming fossil fuels, Alternative energy simulation PLC must maintain the production of wind energy at Bidston Hill, Wirral Liverpool. These sources of energy include wind, biomass, and sunlight. Technologies associated with energy are not satisfactory in their applications, thus, there are environmental aspects, which need to be addressed with regard to these energies. The community must embrace this new technology because the government has provided renewable energy subsidies. The community should take advantage of this provision in order to benefit from the subsidies. The high unemployment rate in North Wirral will be resolved because the establishment of wind energy generation in this site will definitely provide the unemployed people with jobs (Brower, 46, 2009). The contract for the installation of turbines and the general development of the infrastructure of this energy investment will provide job opportunities for the local people in Wirral. Consequently, this will boost the livelihood of people at North Wirral. According to Westra (2008, p. 24), the use of wind energy is

Managing in a Mixed Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing in a Mixed Economy - Essay Example Washington square which is a Royal institution of the Chattered Surveyors was also established in 2007 and is regarded as the best commercial project in the England region (Byers, 1998). The high quality iron ore that is phosphorus free in Cumbria south of Workington is the main source of income in the region. It is the largest steel production area and therefore attracts a lot construction companies, car assembly and many types of firms engaging in steel works. Examples of these firms are the Disington Engineering company (DEC) and the British Steel Corporation (BSC). Due to the heavy investment in the region, the government must put in some resources to create a peaceful investment field. The government investment is in line with the nature of mixed economy. Mixed economy refers to an economic system whereby the state engages itself to the economic activities in collaboration with the private sector. State functions are always reflected by planning of the economy while the private sector is characterized by market economies. This arises because the private sector works for the sole purpose of accruing profit. On the other hand, the state or public sector is not necessarily concerned by profit but by protecting her citizens by providing a platform for the operation such as infrastructure, security and other unprofitable services. The English government has hugely invested her resources to the town in order to give the investors some specific benefits so that they can continue to invest in the highly resourceful town. One major form of public investment is the establishment of a good security system popularly referred to as the Workington police station. The police station offers security not only to the iron and steel manufacturing companies but also the other subsidiary companies like banks, hotels and even the families and workers. For the police to offer efficient

Main Causes of Water Pollution

Main Causes of Water Pollution The water pollution in Malaysia is originated from point sources and non-point sources. Point sources that have been identified include sewage treatment plants, manufacturing and agro-based industries and animal farms. Non-point sources are mainly diffused ones such as agricultural activities and surface runoffs. According to Malaysia Environment Quality Report 2004, the Department of Environment has recorded 17,991 water pollution point sources in 2004 comprising mainly sewage treatment plants (54%), manufacturing industries (38%), animal farms (5%) and agro-based industries (3%). Another main cause of water pollution encountered worldwide is oil spills. About 29 million gallons of petroleum enters the oceans off North America each year, shows a new study by the National Research Council. Water pollution can be classified according to the nature of pollutants, the sources releasing them and the water bodies into which they are discharged. Water pollution is measured by the concentration of pollutants in the water body and their effects on other water uses. Six categories of pollutants are recognized :- Pathogens Pathogens are disease-causing bacteria, viruses and protozoa, usually from human sewage. As pathogen numbers increase, so does the risk to human health. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is created by organic wastes decaying in the water body. Major sources of BOD are pulp and paper mills and municipal sewage. If dissolved oxygen is depressed to zero, all fish die and anaerobic decomposition generates noxious gases. Nutrients Nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, enrich waters and accelerate the aging of lakes and streams (eutrophication). The resultant rich plant growth often prohibits recreational activities, and plankton blooms depress oxygen levels. Major sources of nutrients are municipal sewage and urban and agricultural runoff. Toxic Materials Toxic materials can affect the health of aquatic organisms and their consumers, and of those drinking contaminated waters. Toxicants include heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalates. They originate from many sources as a result of the large quantities of chemicals used in industries. Mixtures of toxic materials can be toxic even if their individual concentrations are below lethally toxic levels. Oil pollutants are toxic and may also smother aquatic organisms and cause the death of birds, attracted by the appearance of calm water, by destroying the waterproofing properties of their plumage. Acidification Acidification, particularly of lakes, results from precipitation of sulphur and nitrogen oxides emitted by industries and automobiles. Acidification, particularly of lakes, results from precipitation of sulphur and nitrogen oxides emitted by industries and automobiles. Acid rock drainage, the leach water from waste rock produced from mining ores containing sulphide minerals, causes acidification of surface and ground water. Temperature Changes Temperature changes from waste heat discharges can cause pollution when their elevation reduces dissolved-oxygen levels, accelerates eutrophication, affects ecological processes and blocks migration paths of fishes. Effect of water pollution Effects on Ecosystem Besides the inorganic nutrient input, with the inflow of the waste water most of them from factory, decomposition of organic wastes in river, plant nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates will takes place. This process will promotes the growth of oxygen consuming algae (algal bloom), especially the blue-green algae which produce cynotoxics can cause poisoning to humans and animals. The growth of oxygen consuming algae, which deoxygenates water mostly kill the nearest fish and other animals is referred to as eutrophication. Addition of oxygen not sufficient to support life. Effects on Human Health Nitrate polluted water can cause incidence of tumours and ulcers. Contact with pollutants can cause skin disorders due. Water pollution also causing increased case of constipation, diarrhoea and infections to intestine. It also has dangerous effects on growing foetus in pregnant women. Loss of memory power and reduced mental sharpness. One of the biggest threats for the developing countries is the disease caused by polluted water cholera caused by drinking water to Malaria where mosquitoes breed on polluted stagnant water. Regular intake of polluted water may cause sclerosis, skin legions, and problems in blood circulation, mineral deposits in bones, certain cancers and disease of the nervous system. Reduced activity of immune system. Water borne diseases like jaundice, hepatitis, gasteroenteritis will be more prevalent due to water pollution.Diseases caused by water pollution are the major cause of human death across the world. Such toxic material travels up the food chain and effec ts human through the fish and meat that we eat .Contaminated water causes the food source and plant life to be destroyed , this inversely effects the climatic and environmental properties required for human survival. Improvement of Water Quality a) Primary treatment mechanical screening and sedimentation of undissolved solids in raw sewage is done. But it fails to remove dissolve substance in this liquid. b) Secondary treatment Sewage treated- the primary treatment is brought in contact with agent such as oxygen and aerobic micro-organisms. They will break down the organic matter(can be harmfull) into harmless materials as H2O and CO2. Furthermore, chlorination is carried out to reduce the bacteria.Further treated to tertiary level zero measures are adopted for secondary treatment :- i) Trickling filter method like the filter of mineral water,sewage water passes through a thick bed of gravel stones(large stone) so that bacteria will consume most of the organic matter. ii) Activated sludge process à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ in this stage,the sewage water is pumped into an aeration tank. This tank contains sludge which consisting of bacteria and algae. The bacteria is able to decompose almost all of the organic matter and algae will undergo photosinthesis and produces oxygen to promote the growth of these decomposers. c) Reverse osmosis Ways to Help Overcome Water Pollution Water remains one of our most important primary resources, vital to our survival on Earth, yet water pollution is happenning. It is serious. How can we avoid and possibly stop it? Ignorance is the main factor. Knowledge on how to preventing water pollution and its effects to our health should be spread to community. Tighter laws should be legislated and existing laws can be improved to curb illegal dumping of trash and poisonous chemical wastes into water sources.Moreover, waste materials should be disposed off properly. Faeces have to be sent to treatment tanks. Industrial wastes should be treated before disposal, to make sure the substances are harmless.Daily household rubbish can be buried or thrown away neatly in plastic bags, to be sent to special rubbish collecting areas. Increase the campaign of recycle. Excess use of insecticides and chemical fertilizers should be avoided as far as possible. If you are using chemicals that may be harmful to the environment, store them correct ly. Improperly stored chemicals can slowly sweep into the groundwater system, to avoid groundwater contamination,so keep them in tightly sealed containers, inside of structures with cement floors.

Mega Rex :: English Literature Essays

Mega Rex A man crawled down a sewer main ladder. He swam in the sewer water until he came to what seemed to be a warehouse. He got behind a large box and called to someone. "Colonel, its Snake. I'm inside the warehouse," said the man. "Great. There's an elevator in the back. Wait for it to come down and go to the ground level. Make sure none sees you. If you have a question contact me by codec. To do this, push the button on your wrist and select the frequency you want. My frequency is 140.85," said the Colonel. Snake waited patiently for the elevator to come down. When it finally came down slowly crawled out from behind the box and quickly went up the elevator unnoticed. Snake called the Colonel on codec. "Snake, what took so long?" said the Colonel. "That suit is hard to move in," said Snake. "Its purpose is to prevent hypothermia not to be comfortable. This is Alaska, you know," said a woman. "I know, Naomi," said Snake. "Snake, this operation is being run by Fox Hound and Russian terrorists. There are currently 6 members of Fox Hound. They are the best soldiers in the world," said Naomi. "I know, I was in Fox Hound," said Snake. "Oh, yeah," said Naomi. "Call Naomi if you have any questions about Fox Hound, Snake," said Colonel. "I would like to introduce you to Mei Ling, she designed you codec and radar," said the Colonel. "It is an honor to meet a legendary military hero like you," said Mei Ling. "Thanks," said Snake. "Your radar gets jammed easily, I'm afraid, because of the signals the terrorists use. You need to find the DARPA Chief (Defense Advanced Research Projects), Kenneth Baker. He will be a green dot on your radar. When you use your codec talk into your wrist.. No one but you can hear your codec because it directly vibrates the bones of your ear," said Mei Ling. "Snake, find the DARPA Chief. Hurry, you only have 18 hours left. By the way, we made a diversion. We sent an F-18 so it would go into the terrorist's radar and then back to Washington Airforce Base. That is your chance to sneak in unnoticed, said Colonel. There should be a vent on the first and second floor. Go in the second floor vent. "There's a Russian H-4 leaving now," said Snake. Mega Rex :: English Literature Essays Mega Rex A man crawled down a sewer main ladder. He swam in the sewer water until he came to what seemed to be a warehouse. He got behind a large box and called to someone. "Colonel, its Snake. I'm inside the warehouse," said the man. "Great. There's an elevator in the back. Wait for it to come down and go to the ground level. Make sure none sees you. If you have a question contact me by codec. To do this, push the button on your wrist and select the frequency you want. My frequency is 140.85," said the Colonel. Snake waited patiently for the elevator to come down. When it finally came down slowly crawled out from behind the box and quickly went up the elevator unnoticed. Snake called the Colonel on codec. "Snake, what took so long?" said the Colonel. "That suit is hard to move in," said Snake. "Its purpose is to prevent hypothermia not to be comfortable. This is Alaska, you know," said a woman. "I know, Naomi," said Snake. "Snake, this operation is being run by Fox Hound and Russian terrorists. There are currently 6 members of Fox Hound. They are the best soldiers in the world," said Naomi. "I know, I was in Fox Hound," said Snake. "Oh, yeah," said Naomi. "Call Naomi if you have any questions about Fox Hound, Snake," said Colonel. "I would like to introduce you to Mei Ling, she designed you codec and radar," said the Colonel. "It is an honor to meet a legendary military hero like you," said Mei Ling. "Thanks," said Snake. "Your radar gets jammed easily, I'm afraid, because of the signals the terrorists use. You need to find the DARPA Chief (Defense Advanced Research Projects), Kenneth Baker. He will be a green dot on your radar. When you use your codec talk into your wrist.. No one but you can hear your codec because it directly vibrates the bones of your ear," said Mei Ling. "Snake, find the DARPA Chief. Hurry, you only have 18 hours left. By the way, we made a diversion. We sent an F-18 so it would go into the terrorist's radar and then back to Washington Airforce Base. That is your chance to sneak in unnoticed, said Colonel. There should be a vent on the first and second floor. Go in the second floor vent. "There's a Russian H-4 leaving now," said Snake.

Solutions Tovfinancial Accounting

2 Company Operations Tutorial Solutions Chapter 3 Company operations Review Questions 11. When do dividends become a legal debt of the company? When are they to be recognised as liabilities? Where a company has a constitution that provides for directors to declare a dividend, then a dividend becomes a debt of the company once the dividend is declared. Where no such statement exists in a company’s constitution, then the debt will only arise when the time for payment of the dividend arrives.However, a dividend determined or publicly recommended by the time of completion of the financial report but not on or before the reporting date must not be recognised as a liability as at the reporting date. Instead such a dividend must be disclosed in notes as an event after reporting date. See sections 3. 4. 1 and 3. 4. 2 of the chapter. 14. Discuss the nature of a reserve. What reasons may there be for no definitions being given for a reserve in the legislation, accounting standards and t he Conceptual Framework 2010?The term reserve is not defined in any accounting standard or the Corporations Act. AASB 101 describes the equity of a company as consisting of issued capital and reserves (para. 54(r)). In addition to retained earnings, the most common type of reserves are general, revaluation and foreign currency translation reserves, all of which can be considered as ‘direct adjustments to equity’. There appears to be no clear reason as to why the term ‘reserve’ is not defined in the legislation, standards, or the Conceptual Framework. Retained earnings’ is one category of reserves, according to AASB 101. Selected solution from Leo, K. , Hoggett, J. , and Sweeting, J. , (2012) Solutions manual to accompany Company Accounting 9e, John Wiley and Sons, Australia. Practice Questions QUESTION 3. 1 1. Retained Earnings/Interim Dividend Cash (Payment of interim dividend) Retained Earnings/ Dividend Declared Dividend Payable (Declaration of a final dividend) Revaluation Surplus General Reserve (Transfer from revaluation surplus to general reserve) Retained Earnings/ T’fer to ReserveGeneral Reserve (Transfer to general reserve) General Reserve Share Capital (Being bonus dividend out of general reserve) Dr Cr 200 000 200 000 2. Dr Cr 420 000 420 000 3. Dr Cr 65 000 65 000 4. Dr Cr 120 000 120 000 5. Dr Cr 300 000 300 000 QUESTION 3. 10 GERALDTON WAX LTD General journal 2013 Sept 15 Dividend Payable– Ordinary Dividend Payable– Preference Cash (Payment of ordinary dividend [400 000 x 16c +300 000 x 16c x 3/5 = $92 800] and preference dividend [$75 000 x 6%]) Dr Dr Cr 92 800 4 500 97 300Selected solution from Leo, K. , Hoggett, J. , Sweeting, J. , and Radford, J. , (2009) Solutions manual to accompany Company Accounting 8e, John Wiley and Sons, Australia. 2 Oct 20 Share Capital – Preference Retained Earnings/Redemption Premium (75 000 x 5%) Shareholders’ Redemption (Redemption of preference shares out of profits) Note: dividends do not accrue on the preference shares Retained Earnings/Transfer to Share Capital Share Capital – Ordinary (Retained earnings transferred to capital.NOTE: no dividends will be paid on this share capital) Oct 25 Shareholders’ Redemption Cash (Payment of cash to redeem preference shares) Nov 30 Cash Share Capital – Ordinary ‘A’ (Renounceable rights issue) [400 000/5 = 80 000 x 1. 90] Dec 20 Share Issue Costs (Share Capital) Cash (Payment of share issue costs) 2014 Jan 10 Retained Earnings/Transfer to reserve General Reserve (Transfer to general reserve) Feb 28 Cash Share Capital – Ordinary ‘C’ (Issue of shares to options holders) [70 000 x $1. 0] Share Options Share Capital – Ord ‘C’ Lapsed Options Reserve (Transfer of options account, 35 000 exercised and 5 000 lapsed) [70 000/2 = 35 000 x 60c = 21 000] Dr Dr Cr 75 000 3 750 78 750 Dr Cr 75 000 75 000 Dr Cr 78 750 78,750 Dr Cr 152 000 152 000 Dr Cr 3 000 3 000 Dr Cr 35 000 35 000 Dr Cr 126 000 126 000 Dr Cr Cr 24 000 21 000 3 000 Selected solution from Leo, K. , Hoggett, J. , Sweeting, J. , and Radford, J. , (2009) Solutions manual to accompany Company Accounting 8e, John Wiley and Sons, Australia. April 30 Call – Ordinary ‘B’ Share Capital – Ordinary ‘B’ Call of 80c per share on Ordinary B shares) Calls in Advance (20 000 x 80c) Call – Ord ‘B’ (Transfer of calls in advance) May 31 Cash Call – Ord ‘B’ (Cash received on call) [(300 000 – 20 000 – 15 000) x 80c] June 18 Share Capital – Ordinary ‘B’ Call – Ordinary ‘B’ Forfeited Shares Liability (Forfeiture of 15 000 Ordinary B shares) 26 Cash Forfeited Shares Liability Share Capital – Ordinary ‘B’ (Reissue of 15 000 shares paid to $2 for payment of $1. 0) 27 Forfeited Shares Liability Cash (Refund to former shareholders) June 28 Retained Earnings/Dividend Declared Dividend Payable (Dividend declared) [Workings from the entries above: 400 000 + 300 000 + 80 000 + 70 000 – 15 000 + 15 000= 850 000 x 20c] Dr Cr 240 000 240 000 Dr Cr 16 000 16 000 Dr Cr Dr Cr Cr 212 000 212 000 30 000 12 000 18 000 Dr Dr Cr 27 000 3 000 30 000 Dr Cr 15 000 15 000 Dr Cr 170 000 170 000 Selected solution from Leo, K. , Hoggett, J. , Sweeting, J. , and Radford, J. , (2009) Solutions manual to accompany Company Accounting 8e, John Wiley and Sons, Australia. 4

Smoking Effects essays

Smoking Effects essays There are multiple repercussions from choosing to smoke a tobacco substance. One major repercussion is the formation of lung cancer, an uncontrollable spread of irregular cells throughout the body. This disease is now the most common form of cancer diagnosed in the United States and a major cause of death as it accounts for 14% of all cancers and 28% of all cancer death (American Lung Association of Hudson Valley, www.alahv.org/bookfiles4/lung_cancer.html). Out of these deaths, cigarette smoking is responsible for an estimated 87% of lung cancer deaths (American Lung Association of Hudson Valley, www.alahv.org/bookfiles4/lung_cancer.html). Lung cancer produces a large quantity of pain, coughing, difficulty breathing, and many more symptoms that slow down the body. There is no good whatsoever involved with smoking of any kind, which is evident in the side affects and ending results. In addition to lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, emphysema, and many other internal organ corruptions, smoking will simply cause real life to stop. Smokers generally do not go out much or do cardiovascular activities because their system cannot handle it. Their body becomes tired quickly and the individual must slow down. It becomes harder for the smoker to breathe when he or she participates in vigorous activities because the lungs are so corrupt and warn out. Smoking also causes tar to stick to the inside of the lungs making it harder to breathe. Appearance is affected by teeth and finger nails turning yellow. A typical smoker will also suffer from bad breath and will have a smoke smell on their clothing and belongings as well. Later stages of smoking include symptoms such as coughing, illness, due to a weaker immune system, and possible asthma. ...

Benefits of Uniforms Within Schools essays

Benefits of Uniforms Within Schools essays Uniforms are commonplace in many important areas within society and are a source of affiliation and pride for those who wear them. Sport teams from house league to the professional level have uniforms. Medical professionals wear uniforms, as do public safety workers. Every school is a learning institution which imprints upon its students strong morals and values. They strive to create an environment in which all of this can be achieved. The philosophy of St. Marys Catholic Secondary School is to develop in all its members, a genuine self-love, love of thy neighbour morale. It is believed that to achieve this dynamic, the individuality of each student must be respected by allowing for the development of the whole person to his or her fullest potential. Effective schools are characterized by a sense of pride on the part of the students. The presence of uniform clothing within an educational institution is undoubtedly beneficial to the school and its students. Uniforms are a concrete wa y to successfully accomplish this. Not only do they significantly increase the safety of the institution, but they also positively influence classroom behaviour, and curtail the effects of peer pressure. A safe and disciplined learning environment is paramount in educating students. The quality of education today is being hampered as a result of the rising presence of gang violence within schools. Uniform dress, however, has combated this problem. As a result of the implementation of uniforms, teachers no longer have to be concerned with student apparel and can devote more time and effort to instructing students. A uniform policy prohibits clothing that bears gang colour or insignia. This protocol significantly reduces the risk of gang related violence within educational institutions. Not only do uniforms virtually eliminate precarious gang confrontations within schools, they also make it possible for staff and students to easily identify intruder...

The diverse world of nonhuman primates( for Bioogical Anthropology) Essay

The diverse world of nonhuman primates( for Bioogical Anthropology) - Essay Example Physically, gorillas are strong mammals weighing between 70 and 200 kilograms depending on their size, gender, eating habits and environment. They are huge and broad and amongst them, mountain gorillas generally do not climb trees whereas in contrast, the lowland gorillas are arboreal ( Murray, 2002). Male gorillas possess a greater brain capacity and the teeth structure of gorillas is similar to humans. Their reproductive cycle is one month long and only extracted by behavioral changes instead of physical ones and the inter birth interval of gorillas is around 4 years. Once babies are born, they are dependent on female gorillas, their mothers that is till the time they reach maturity which means around seven to fifteen years, depending on the gender. Males require more time than females (Welvaert, 2005). When young, gorillas are taught things like protecting themselves, finding out food for them, adapting to live in the habitat and other necessary things to become independent. Male gorillas play a very small role in upbringing of their offspring except that they protect them from external threats. Gorillas are basically herbivores and are dependent upon vegetation in their surroundings. The greater chunk of their diet is attributed to fruits while the remaining to stems, grass and seeds. They occasionally eat small bugs and termites also but that is a very negligible portion of their diet.(Welvaert, 2005) The social organization of gorillas is very interesting. A band of gorillas can involve few individuals which could m up to 30 or more in number. The most dominant adult is responsible for the group and takes care of the females and the young with some help from the younger males. The groups usually follow a polygamous mating system. They have the freedom to choose their partners and form groups with either other males, females that belong to their own bands or stay with their initial groups(Welvaert, 2005). They live in a

Sex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sex - Essay Example Kant considered sex outside of marriage as immoral and perceived it as fulfillment of sexual desires. Kantian ethics however dictate that a sexual union is needed merely for self-preservation and procreation.  Kant’s theory is based on a  categorical imperative, which regards it as something necessary with some association to pleasure. Kant’s has complex views about sexuality, and views a sexual union in a bizarre way and insists that when one makes another individual their spouse; they are harming the society since they take that particular individual away. Kant saw marriage as acquisition of another human being for society. The sexual union of marriage nonetheless seems bit absurd as it Kant just extends it a transfer of â€Å"bodily fluid.† The question remains- why is sex permissible and possible? Utilitarian ethics dictate that sex should be taken as strict sense. A Utilitarian argument tends to produce overall happiness than doing anything else. The Uti litarian is not a moral theory that believes everything should be done for moral reasons. Since an egoistic person only cares about himself, utilitarian argument proposes that pleasure and pain arises form actions. However, utilitarian ethics possesses a very absurd view.

Supply chain exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supply chain exam - Essay Example The concept of Food Miles was conceived in 1990 by Andrea Paxton in a research paper and was further elaborated in a report (Paxton A. 1994), by the SAFE Alliance, now Sustain, which highlighted concerns over the negative environmental and socio-economic impacts of increasing transport of food. The follow up report from Sustain in 1999 (Hird V et all 1999) showed a continued trend in the UK for food to travel further between farms and consumers, and highlighted more pollution from transport, increased packaging, loss of land and agricultural biodiversity, and greater use of chemicals required in food transit and storage. It attributed the closure of many small country shops and failure of small-scale farms to the activities of a small number of powerful retailers able to source lower-priced food from overseas. The development and application of Food Miles is out of two main concerns: 1. Environmental concern: further a product travels, more greenhouse gases (GHG) are released 2. Regi onal development concern: buying food locally stimulates the local economy 1.2 Why the CO-OP might consider it? The CO-OP today is the fifth largest retailer in UK with 9% market share in the retail sector in UK. As a senior player in the retail market, it is a moral responsibility of the CO-OP to address the issue which impacts not only the long-term business strategy but also the consumer sentiments towards sustainability and climate change. In fact, there is a compelling business case for the food industry as a whole to improve energy efficiency and reduce dependence on fossil fuel and its corresponding emissions. According to a 2005 study conducted by Lippincott Mercer for â€Å"The Carbon Trust† for the UK market, the subject of climate change is bound to get more and more important in the consumer mind. Also, and the food and beverage industry was found to have the highest risk (?6.6bn – 10% of the total market value) of tangible value from climate change. Finall y, the CO-OP ethical plan states that â€Å"We will reduce the gross GHG emissions from our operations by 35% by 2017†. So, tackling this issue of â€Å"Food Miles† should clearly be a priority for the CO-OP. 2. â€Å"Food Miles†: The two sides of the coin 2.1 Arguments in favour of adopting â€Å"Food Miles† In order not to be left behind, there is a case to adopt â€Å"Food Miles† in the overall business strategy. There is evidence that the retailers in UK and worldwide have already started initiatives with â€Å"Food Miles† in mind: 1. Sainsbury has annual targets for emissions reduction, and has increased (as part of its low-food miles strategy) the proportion of products sourced domestically to 90% for food that can be grown in the UK. 2. Safeway UK has developed a distribution system, introducing measures to reduce its food miles and the energy consumption of its fleet. 3. In 2005/06, Wal-Mart CEO announced that it plans to boost energ y efficiency, increase organic food sales and reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2012 worldwide. Even the government policy seems to have â€Å"Food Miles† concept in the long-term view. In the Food Industry Sustainability Strategy published in 2006, the UK government has proposed key performance indicators for food transportation that include road distance travelled, emissions from land and air transport. Finally, in terms of supply chain issues,

Liverpool Street Essay Example for Free

Liverpool Street Essay London is a vast city, with people of various religions, cultures, traditions and backgrounds. It is a city, which allows people to have freedom and choice. London is the commercial centre of Great Britain with diverse institutions. It is also famous for tourism; millions of people come to London to experience what it can offer. It has many famous historical buildings, botanical gardens, and great landmarks, which are an essential when visiting London. It is an honoured country to be proud of. We studied and analysed two stories. A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, and a Kiss Miss Carol by Farrukh Dhondy. Both stories portray disadvantage. A Christmas Carol is about a man called Scrooge who has a mean character and sees no good in life, he never makes the best out of things. He hates poor people and thinks that Christmas is a humbug. A Kiss Miss Carol is about a young Bangladeshi boy named Jolil whose life is in monopoly control of his father. He has no free will whatsoever. Jolil is overwhelmed to be included in a Christmas play at school, but realises that his parents are not ready to support him. The poverty in London from the story A Christmas carol is described through depressing gloomy language. Dickens brings the settings to life by using adjectives like cold bleak dingy. These words give a poor effect to the climate, and make it seem dull and lifeless. Dickens describes houses using boring colours like black. He contrasts the black lifeless colours with the white sheet of snow so that the bleak depressing colours stand out more. These lifeless colours, make the atmosphere feel unhealthy, Dickens varies his sentence length for great effect and breaks them up by the use of colons and commas. His choice of words such as dirtier and dingy mist make the climate seem crowded and filthy. Dickens uses many methods of writing in detail. He makes the reader want to read on by his lengthy descriptions, extensive use of vocabulary, humorous style of writing and his use of dialogue, for the characters. Though some of the techniques Dickens used are tedious, but the humour and communicating with the reader (the dialogue) helps balance this out. The poverty in London from the story A Kiss Miss Carol is described in a lot of detail as we can create images of some of the scenes Jolil describes. The author describes corrugated estates, which looked like huge skulls, which had been picked out clean. The term skull signifies death, the estates are described as if all signs of life from the building have been extracted, as if the estates are completely dead, old, and a little haunted. When a Lion kills a Reindeer, it eats the parts he desires, the remaining carcass is then picked out clean by little insects, taking every bit they can, taking all the life and essence they can from the remains of the dead animal. Similarly, this shows how the building is savagely demolished; every essence of life from the estates has been picked out clean, and nothing if left of it. The area in which Jolil lives is portrayed as mixed and quite poor. Jolil has to save up his travel money to bribe his brother-no luxury pocket money there. (Lines 161-163). He watched the needle go in and out of the patches of grey clothes, like the beak of a bird pecking down a lines of crumbs. The grey cloth shows a dullness in the work that Jolil is doing, that there is absolutely no vitality, its shows the dull, dreary, depressed and deprived type of life Jolil is leading. The bird pecking crumbs show a state of desperacy that Jolils family is leading, that they work hard, but get paid very little money, and this also shows how desperate Jolil is to go and perform at the Christmas Concert. The wealth shown in the story A Christmas Carol is through describing the rich colourful, tasty textures of food. The wealth is emphasised through language. Dickens describes how round the chestnuts are, bringing them into life, tumbling out into the streets in their opulence. This word describes the wealth, affluence, and fortune in the chestnuts that taste so tender. The bunches of grapes which dangle from the shopkeepers hooks, that peoples mouth might water gratis. Gratis describes how peoples mouth would water without charge, and in as much freedom when passing by the round, green, squidgy sweet grapes, which taste absolutely exhilarating. Dickens describes the fragrance of the food market, the cool sensation, that sweet and pleasant odour, the aroma, which leads to the radiant fruits, those glowing lights, beaming brilliantly to sheer perfection. The gold and silver fish symbolise wealth, fortune and prosperity. Dickens can make the most awful fruits sound to sweet and sugary. This is how wealth is shown in London, through the rich, colourful, fragranced fruits in the market. The wealth shown in the story A Kiss Miss Carol is by many white businessmen wearing suits rushing towards Liverpool Street station. Thousands of white people hurrying towards the train station. Liverpool Street is an industrial area with many huge companies in competition. It is in the heart of London. These people flocking to and from the station are either going to or from work, which tells us that London is able to sustain itself as millions of people are earning money.

GA3 Producing Fusarium and its Impact on Growth

GA3 Producing Fusarium and its Impact on Growth Isolation and characterization of Gibberellic acid 3 producing Fusarium sp. from Belgaum agriculture land and its impact on green pea and rice growth promotion Abstract Worldwide ultimate aim of any agriculture sector or farmer is to take maximum yield. Sufficient supply of nutrients and fertilizer are not able to give maximum yield. There are numerous factors which are responsible for low yield, among that one is the environment stress or the unstable climate conditions. To increase the yield there are numerous approaches like use of genetically modified crops, but in India it is controversial approach and another approach is the use of multifunctional plant hormone like Gibberellic acid 3 (GA3). This research mainly involves the production of GA3 from fungal species and to apply it on crop plants. Fusarium species were isolated from Belgaum agriculture soil and screened for GA3 production under submerged fermentation. Strain showing maximum GA3 yield (strain M104) was taken to study the effect of various parameters on GA3 production, like incubation time (1 – 12 days), initial pH (5.0 -8.0), incubation temperature (20 – 40  °C), pH (5.0 -8.0), and carbon and nitrogen sources. The maximum production of GA3 was observed on day 8 at 30  °C, and pH 5.5 with glucose and ammonium chloride as good carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. After optimization, a 6.56-increase in GA3 production was observed. The GA3 production was confirmed by thin layer chromatography. The GA3 crude extract obtained using submerged fermentation was then used to study its effect on germination and growth of green pea plant and paddy crops. It was observed that GA3 treated crops showed uniform growth and they were taller than non-treated plants, suggesting its application in increasing the crop plant harvests. Key words: Fusarium sp, isolation, gibberellic acid, optimization, submerged fermentation, crop plants. Introduction Gibberellic acids, also known as gibberellins, are the complex organic molecules acting as plant growth hormones. They are chemically known as diterpenoid acids having molecular formula C19H22O6. They regulate the functions like cell division, cell elongation, sex expression, seed germination, breakdown of seed dormancy and flowering etc. In microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, gibberellic acid 3 is the principal product of gibberellins, act as secondary metabolite (Bruckner and Blecschmidt, 1991; Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006). Till now, 136 gibberellins were isolated from various plants, and among that gibberellic acid 3 shows maximum biological activity (Rodrigues et al., 2011). The use of GA3 has been approved by food and drug administration (FDA) because of its tremendous application and nontoxic properties, and its safety for environment and human was confirmed by Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) (Rodrigues et al., 2011). In counties under development where mainly the economy relies on agriculture, the farmers have to use fertilizers and plant hormones to increase production. As most of fertilizers are associated with environmental pollution, plant growth hormones like gibberellic acid 3 have to be produced cost-effectively in huge amounts in order to enhance the quantity of agricultural products (Bilkay et al., 2010). Three routes to obtain GA3 have been reported, viz. extraction from plants, chemical synthesis and microbial fermentation. Among this the third method is the most common method to produce GA3 (Rios-Iribe et al., 2011). GA3 is industrially produced by Gibberella fujikuroi / Fusarium moniliforme under submerged (Santos et al., 2003; Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006). It is also produced by several other fungal species such as Aspergillus niger and Fusarium species and some bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azobactor, and Azospirillu species (Rademacher, 1994). All above species produced ver y low yield of GA3 except Fusarium species in which most of the strains show the highest yield of GA3 than any other microbes (Rangaswamy, 2012). The search for new fungal species like Fusarium species capable of producing an important amount of GA3 is a continuous exercise. The aim of the present study was therefore to isolate and characterize a GA3 producing Fusarium sp. from soil, optimize the culture conditions for maximum GA3 production, and to evaluate its effect on green pea and rice growth promotion. Materials and Methods Soil sample selection To isolate strains of Fusarium, the soil sample was taken from Belgaum agriculture area (Karnataka state, India). This soil was black coloured having high water holding capacity, good fertility and also best soil for crops like paddy, all types of beans, sugarcane and all types of vegetables. Isolation of Fusarium species The soil sample collected from Belgaum agriculture land was taken, serially diluted in distilled water and inoculated in a Malachite green agar (MGA). Petri plates containing 15 g of peptone, 0.01 g of Malachite Green (triaryl methane dye), 1 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5 g of magnesium sulphate, and 20 g of agar per 1000 ml of distilled water were prepared. The incubation was carried out at 30  °C for 5 days (Castellà ¡ et al., 1977). The resulted various colonies were picked up and further inoculated in a potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate and incubated for a week for secondary pigmentation. The colony with different morphology and colour pigmentation were sub cultured on PDA slants and labelled (Avinash et al., 2003). The lactophenol cotton blue technique was used to study the characteristics of the fungal isolate (William and Cross, 1971). Screening of the isolates for GA3 production under submerged fermentation The Czapack Dox media (CD broth) containing sucrose (30 g), sodium nitrate (3 g), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (1 g), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.5 g), magnesium sulphate (0.5 g), potassium chloride (0.5 g) and ferrous sulphate (0.1 g) per 1000 ml of distilled water was used. The CD broth was prepared in conical flask and adjusted the pH to 7.0, and sterilised in an autoclave for 20 min at 15 psi. After cooling the medium, it was aseptically inoculated (1 Ãâ€" 108 spores / ml) with individual isolated strains. The fermentation flasks were kept on a rotary shaker (100 rpm) at 30  °C for 12 days (Kahlon et al., 1986; Karakoc et al., 2006; Rangaswamy, 2012). GA3 pre-treatment, extraction and estimation The fermented broth was taken and centrifuged at 13200 rpm for 10 min and the supernatant was taken and acidified to pH 2-2.5 using 1N HCl. GA3 was extracted trice using equal amount of ethyl acetate/NaHCO3 (Cho et al., 1979). The ethyl extract was kept on hot air oven at 50  °C overnight to remove ethyl acetate and obtain crystals of GA3 (Kahlon et al., 1986; Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006; Karakoc et al., 2006; Bilkay et al., 2010; Rangaswamy, 2012). It was estimated by Berrios et al. (2004) spectrophotometric method and absorption was read at 254 nm in UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Elico, SL-159 model, India). Confirmation of GA3 by thin layer chromatography (TLC) The slurry of silica gel was poured on a TLC plates, air dried, and the matrix was activated by keeping the plates on hot air oven at 80  °C for 1 h. GA3 dissolved in ethanol was added as a spot and plates were run using mobile phase containing isopropanol : ammonia : water (10:1:1) for 2 h. The plates were removed, sprayed with 3% sulphuric acid containing 50 mg FeCl3 and heated in oven at 80  °C for 10 min. The GA3 appeared as greenish black/spot fluorescence under UV light (Cavell et al., 1967; Srivastava et al., 2003). Optimization of culture conditions for maximum GA3 production by Fusarium sp. (isolate M-104). The incubation time for GA3 production by the fungal isolate under submerged fermentation at 30  °C and at initial pH 7.0 was analysed by inoculating CD broth with 1 ml of fungal spores and incubating on a rotary shaker (100 rpm) for 12 days. The sample was taken every day as the fermentation proceeds in order to find the most suitable incubation time for GA3 production. The effect of pH on GA3 production was studied by adjusting CD broth at different pH, viz. 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0. The cultivation flasks were inoculated with 1.5% (v/v) inoculum, and incubated for 8 days on rotary shaker (100 rpm) at 30  °C. The effect of temperature on GA3 production was investigated by inoculating the fungal spores in CD broth of pH 7.0 and by incubating at three different temperatures 20, 30, 40, and 50  °C with other conditions remained same. The effect of carbon sources on GA3 secretion was analysed by replacing the sucrose in the CD broth of pH 5.5 by dextrose, glucose, ma nnitol, and starch, and by incubating at 30  °C for 8 days. The effect of nitrogen sources on GA3 secretion was analysed by replacing the sodium nitrate in the CD broth of pH 5.5 by glycine, ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate at 30  °C for 8 days. Effect of GA3 on pea plant and paddy crops Seeds of pea plants were soaked in 200 ppm of GA3 fermented filtrate for 12 h and then sown in autoclaved soil. After a period of 8 days, 100 ppm of GA3 was sprayed on the plant for each alternative day for another 8 days. The control was soaked in water and sown in autoclaved soil and sprayed with distilled water only. The growth of both the control and test pea plants was monitored over a period of 15 days. 10 paddy seeds were soaked in 300 ppm of GA3 solution for about 2 days and sown in soil. They were sprayed with 200 ppm of GA3 after growth. The control seeds were soaked in water for the same period and sprayed with only water. The observation was carried out for 25 days (Tiwari et al., 2011; Susilawati et al., 2014). Statistical analysis The experiments were carried out in triplicate. ANOVA and DMRT at 5% significance level were used to give the differences between mean values, using SPSS statistical software. Results and Discussion Isolation of Fusarium species Four strains of Fusarium species were isolated from agriculture soil sample and labelled as M101, M102, M104 and M110. The present labelling was based on following pigmentation black, grey, blue and red, respectively. All strains had cottony growth appearance which is one of the important morphological characteristic of the Fusarium species. By staining the fungi with lactophenol cotton blue dye, it was observed that they had non septate hyaline mycelium/ hyphae as shown in figure 1a. The macrospores of banana shape were reseptated which is a unique microscopic feature of Fusarium species as shown in the figure1b. The isolation medium containing malachite green was chosen since malachite green inhibits the radial colony growth of the saprophytes and allows only growth of Fusarium species (Castellà ¡ et al., 1997). Screening for isolates for GA3 production GA3 can be commercially produced by submerged fermentation using different media but the most common synthetic medium is the Czapack Dox medium (CD broth) (Rangaswamy, 2012). The isolated strains M101, M102, M104 and M110 were subjected to submerged fermentation to check their ability for GA3 production. The different amounts of GA3 produced are given in the table 1 and Figure 2, and the strain M104 was the highest producer of GA3 among the four isolates. Similarly, Aspergillus niger strains produced different amounts of GA3 with the highest of 150.35 mg/l for A. niger Fursan (Cihangir and Aksoz, 1993). Likewise, various amounts of GA3 were produced by Lentinus tigrinus and Laetiporus (Ozcan, 2001). Optimization of culture conditions for maximum GA3 production by Fusarium isolate M104 The optimization of cultural parameters like incubation time, temperature, and pH, and nutritional conditions like nitrogen and carbon sources, is necessary to produce GA3 in a significant amount. Time course for GA3 production by the isolate M104 was studied. GA3 production started on day 3 and maximum production was observed at day 8, although statistically at par with day 9 and 10 (Table 2). Similar incubation time was noted for GA3 production by Fusarium monilifome (Rangaswamy, 2012). 9 days was optimal time for GA3 secretion by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010) and Fusarium monilifome (Kobomoje et al., 2013). In contrast, a higher incubation time of 12 days was observed by for Fusarium moniliforme(Kahlon and Malhotra, 1986) and Aspergillus niger (Bilkay et al., 2010). The optimum incubation time for GA3 production by various fungal species depend therefore on the strain used. The short incubation period observed for GA3 production by fungal isolate M104 makes the fer mentation cost-effective. Among all pH investigated, the pH 5.5 showed the maximum production of GA3 which was 1478.2 mg/L (Table 2). pH 5.5 was also optimum for GA3 production by Fusarium monilifome (Kahlon and Malhotra, 1986; Kobomoje et al., 2013) and Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010). Bilkay et al. (2010) reported pH 5.0 as optimal time for GA3 production by Aspergillus niger, whereas pH 7.0 was optimum for GA3 production by Fusarium monilifome (Rangaswamy, 2012). The effect of temperature on GA3 production was analysed, and maximum production was observed at 30  °C (Table 3). The production of GA3 by various fungal species was also seen at an optimum temperature of 30  °C (Bilkay et al., 2010, Uthandi et al., 2010; Rangaswamy, 2012; Kobomoje et al., 2013). 25  °C was also optimum for GA3 production by Gibberella fujikuroi (Gelmi et al., 2002). A low GA3 yield at higher temperature was also recorded for GA3 production by Aspergillus niger (Bilkay et al., 2010). A low GA3 production was observed at higher temperatures because metabolic activities get stopped due to enzyme denaturation. The decrease in GA3 secretion by microbial species was ascribed to the variation in enzyme activity or thermal denaturation (Karakoc and Aksoz, 2006). The effect of carbon sources on GA3 production was investigated. Maximum GA3 production was seen when glucose was used as carbon source (Table 2). Similarly, glucose was best carbon source for GA3 production by Fusarium moniliforme (Rangaswamy, 2012; Kobomoje et al., 2013). However, a mixture of glucose and rice flour was necessary to get GA3 production by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010). When the concentration of glucose was increased, a decrease in enzyme production is observed due to catabolite repression (Tudzynski, 1999). After analysing the effect of nitrogen sources on GA3 production, a significant yield was observed with ammonium chloride (Table 2). Similarly, an important yield was seen when ammonium chloride was used as nitrogen source for GA3 production by Fusarium fujikuroi SG2 (Uthandi et al., 2010). A low amount was seen when glycine was used as nitrogen source (Table 2). This can be attributed to the fact that glycine is a slowly consumed organic nitrogen source (Rodrigues et al., 2011). After exhaustion of nitrogen source, GA3 secretion starts and an important amount of carbon source is consumed (Tudzynski, 1999; Rodrigues et al., 2011). The submerged fermentation for GA3 production by the isolate M104 was carried out under shaking conditions (100 rpm) to allow proper mixing of nutrients, favouring oxygen circulation and GA3 production. A 3-fold increase was recorded for GA3 production by Aspergillus niger when the culture flasks were agitated (Bilkay et al., 2010). Rodrigues et al. (2011) reported that GA3 production has to be carried with aeration since GA3 biosynthesis requires various oxidative steps catalysed by different oxygenases. After optimization, a 6.56-enhancement in GA3 secretion was observed Thin layer chromatography (TLC) After GA3 extraction, crystals of GA3 were obtained as shown on the figure 3. After carrying TLC, the value of resolution factor (Rf) of GA3 was calculated as follow: Rf = distance from origin to solvent peak / distance from origin to sample spot detected = 7.9 cm / 10.8 cm = 0.7315 (Figure 4). The value was closing approximate to the GA3 standard value. Similarly, an approximate Rf value was recorded for the GA3 extracted from Fusarium monilifome (Rangaswamy, 2012). The TLC was also used to confirm the GA3 produced by Fusarium solani (Bhalla et al., 2010). Effect of GA3 on pea plants It is was observed that the pea plants sprayed with GA3 was 7 cm taller than the pea plants without the GA3 within a period of two weeks (Fig. 5). Similarly, size of the lily plants was increased following exogenous GA3 treatment and this was attributable to the protein synthesis stimulation (Mahmoody and Noori, 2014). Likewise, the hybridized rice plant height was increased after GA3 extract application (Srivastava et al., 2003). Effect of GA3 on paddy crops All the 10 paddy seeds treated with GA3 were able to germinate and have uniform growth, colour and height and average height was 9.5 cm within a total period of 25 days. The untreated seeds were able to germinate and had unequal growth and average height was 8.5 cm (Fig. 7). Similarly, the shoot and root heights, and the yield of chana and wheat crops were increased after GA3 extract application (Pandya and Desai, 2014). After GA3 application, an important productivity was seen for hybrid rice plant, following a better plant growth and physiological properties (Susilawati et al., 2014). The GA3 application also led to a significant yield for faba bean, compared to Ca2+ ion, and this was attributed to the improvement of growth and photosynthetic activity by the plant hormone (Al-Whaibi et al., 2010). Figure 7: Effect of GA3 on paddy crops: Uniform growth (left) and non-uniform growth (right). Paddy seeds were soaked in 300 ppm of GA3 solution for about 2 days and sown in soil. They were sprayed with 200 ppm of GA3 after growth. The control seeds were soaked in water for the same period and sprayed with only water. The observation was carried out for 25 days Conclusion Four strains of Fusarium were screened from Belgaum agriculture land by using a selective medium malachite green agar. They were confirmed as belonging to Fusarium species by lactophenol cotton blue spore staining method. The GA3 production depends on nutritional and physicochemical conditions. Strain M104 showed the highest GA3 production in CD broth. After optimization, a 5.56-increase in GA3 production was achieved. The pea plant sprayed with GA3 fungal extract was taller than unsprayed one. The effect of GA3 on paddy seeds showed uniform and more growth than control (without GA3). The isolate M104 can thus be used as a potent fungal species for GA3 production.   

Satire About Anorexia Essay -- essays research papers

Satire Local Anorexic Still Way Too Fat Staten Island, New York- Despite years of intense dieting and vigorous exercise, local anorexic Lucy Fernandez is still excessively fat. Reported Monday to the Staten Island Advance, Fernandez who stands five feet and weighs approximately ninety pounds is still overweight and needs to lose a few pounds. â€Å"I cannot believe how gross I look,† said the corpulent Fernandez, examining herself in a full-length bathroom mirror. â€Å"I am such a whale.† Pinching her bulky, misshapen body, Fernandez expressed frustration with her inability to transform herself into a reasonably svelte person. â€Å"I eat celery, I drink only water or diet coke, I do three hours on the Stairmaster everyday,† she said. â€Å"But despite all that, I have still got, like, these huge rolls of fat all over.† However, Fernandez could stand to lose a few pounds in nearly every area of her body, worst of all her arms. â€Å"I have got this totally disgusting flab on the back of my arms that swings back and forth when I move,† said Fernandez, wearing an oversized champion sweatshirt to conceal... Satire About Anorexia Essay -- essays research papers Satire Local Anorexic Still Way Too Fat Staten Island, New York- Despite years of intense dieting and vigorous exercise, local anorexic Lucy Fernandez is still excessively fat. Reported Monday to the Staten Island Advance, Fernandez who stands five feet and weighs approximately ninety pounds is still overweight and needs to lose a few pounds. â€Å"I cannot believe how gross I look,† said the corpulent Fernandez, examining herself in a full-length bathroom mirror. â€Å"I am such a whale.† Pinching her bulky, misshapen body, Fernandez expressed frustration with her inability to transform herself into a reasonably svelte person. â€Å"I eat celery, I drink only water or diet coke, I do three hours on the Stairmaster everyday,† she said. â€Å"But despite all that, I have still got, like, these huge rolls of fat all over.† However, Fernandez could stand to lose a few pounds in nearly every area of her body, worst of all her arms. â€Å"I have got this totally disgusting flab on the back of my arms that swings back and forth when I move,† said Fernandez, wearing an oversized champion sweatshirt to conceal...