The Paradox of Synergy and Responsiveness Essay Example

The Importance of Feminism within Criminology Essay

The Importance of Feminism inside Criminology - Essay Example So also, women's activist criminologists condemn unitary classification of ladies negligent of the impact of race, class, and sexual disparity (Britton 2000, p.63). Promotion has been instrumental in the improvement of lives of ladies detainees, for example, development of clinical administrations, work preparing, and instructive possibilities. The underrepresentation of ladies as criminal guilty parties is clear. Much of the time, the sex proportions of criminal guilty parties as discharged by social control specialists are one-sided. Thusly, ladies are underrepresented as survivors of wrongdoing. The greater part of research attempted on this point excessively demonstrates that men are for the most part deceived than ladies in all classes of fierce wrongdoings, excluding assault and rape. This is the place women's activist criminology has made a big deal about its imprint. Its writing on this field has chiefly featured offenses of which ladies are well on the way to be casualties. Women's liberation has borne organic products as standard criminology writing currently includes women's activist exact work and speculations, with certain areas talking about assault and personal savagery. Britton (2000, p.70) contends that the field of criminology is masculinised where researchers fundamentally focus on exercises of men inferable from measurements that show men’s inclination to crimes contrasted with ladies. Hypothetical and Methodological Perspectives in Feminist Criminology Over the most recent thirty years, women's activist criminologists have tested hypotheses, ideas, strategies, and suspicions progressed by criminologists in the investigation of wrongdoing and equity framework. Research on this point demonstrates massive differences in wrongdoing proportions among sex and race. Be that as it may, a compact hypothesis clarifying this wonder is yet set up. A portion of the spearheading work is Carol Gilligan’s hypothesis of good improvement that c onsiders women’s ethic of care to lessen their likelihood of culpable. Other hypothetical contentions progressed incorporate liberation hypothesis, which holds that, women’s lower paces of inclusion in crimes comes from their repression to local jobs. The hypothesis clarifies this is occasioned by segregation that tops their goals and openings. With social and political liberation, women’s expanded inclusion in crimes will be inescapable (Makarios 2007, p. 107). Observationally, these hypotheses have gotten insignificant help on the grounds that despite the fact that the pace of women’s association in fierce violations has expanded; they remain generally low contrasted with those of men. The expansion can be ascribed to expanded financial underestimation of ladies just as an adjustment in how social control specialists see ladies (Makarios 2007, p.108). Numerous quantitative examinations have been embraced around there the majority of which receive value approach. This is mainstream among liberal women's activists where sexual orientation is conceptualized as an autonomous variable. Liberal women's activists hold that ladies are denied access to rise to political, money related, and profession get to simply based on sex. The scholars guarantee that sociological components, instead of physiological, best clarify women’s guiltiness. Radical women's activists have disagreed with these methodologies by contending that the exploitation of ladies has been standardized and ought not be likened to that of men. Radical women's activists scrutinize the cases made by liberal women's activists as innocent. Radical women's activists relate social relations, imbalance, and wrongdoing to male force and benefit (Proctor 2006, p.28). Likewise, they contend

How to Exit a Company Exclusive Negotiations vs. Auction Process

How to Exit a Company Exclusive Negotiations vs. Auction Process As much as every business owner would like to think that his business will last for the longest possible time, it is a sad truth that nothing lasts forever. There is bound to come a time when the business can no longer carry on, or the business owner may no longer be able to run the business.At the risk of sounding morbid, even when you are drawing up a business plan, it is a good idea also to make plans on how to wrap things up neatly, and to your advantage. In other words, entrepreneurs who are going into business should have an exit strategy in place. This is not being pessimistic; this is called planning ahead and being realistic. © Shutterstock.com | ASDF_MEDIAIn this article, we will learn about 1) exit strategies, 2) primary exit strategies, and 3) exclusive negotiations vs. an auction process.EXIT STRATEGIESAn exit strategy is defined as the method by which a business owner intends to get out of an investment he or she has made.In this context, an exit strategy is simply put, a way to pull your money out of the business.What is the main reason for having an exit strategy?From the point of view of investors, the only time they can see a return on their investment is when they cash out, or when the company has been sold. Of course they would want to collect what is due them; it is, after all, their money that has been invested. Therefore, it is important for the business to plan an exit.From the point of view of the owners, the business may have lost its novelty or the challenge has “dulled”. Sure, things were exciting when it was still in its initial stages, and making it grow was a huge part of the fu n. However, the owner may find that the fun is no longer there once it has grown so much.Having an exit strategy in place will improve the probabilities of success in cashing out, and even ease and speed up the process. Since there is a plan for an exit, it is likely to increase the ultimate valuation of the business.Having an exit strategy is very important.PRIMARY EXIT STRATEGIESLiquidate the business. To cut the long story short, business operations will shut down, the business will close its doors, and it will liquidate. There are various reasons for this exit strategy, such as major upheavals, a market implosion or crash, or the owners simply want out. This is deemed to be the easiest way out since there are no negotiations involved. Issues, however, could arise among and between shareholders with regards to what will be left to them after the liquidation has been finalized.Just take money out. Technically, you will be turning the business into a cash cow. This does not mean, h owever, that you should milk it dry. This exit strategy only works if the business is thriving, with a steady stream of revenue, in a secure market. Get the cash, pay yourself, pay off the investors, pay someone else to continue running the business for you, and enjoy the money as it comes in. You are still, after all, the owner. Beware of any negative tax implications, however. As you pull money, it may go into your salary, and you will end up paying a higher income or compensation tax.Sell the business in an acquisition transaction. In an acquisition, the business is bought out by a larger player in the industry. Bigger companies often prefer purchasing smaller companies because it is a faster way to increase revenues instead of coming up with new product or service offerings on their own. It is also a way to eliminate the competition. The key here to make the most of the exit strategy is to find the right acquirer. From there, you would have to undergo negotiations, particularly on the price and valuation. Of course, this also means that you have to make sure the business will look attractive to potential acquirers.Sell the business to a friendly buyer. In this scenario, the buyer is a friendly party, or someone you trust will take care of the business. Ideally, the buyer must have the skills and the know-how that the business owner does not, especially with respect to running the business. Business owners are not averse to this exit strategy since it will allow them to get paid and take some time off while ensuring that the investors also collect their returns. Friendly buyer could be friends, family, or even the employees of the business. The worst possible problem that the business owner can face when applying this exit strategy would have to deal with emotions. If it’s a friend or family buying, it is likely that they will be more forgiving with the valuation. It is also possible that there will be internal conflicts and petty jealousies, which is typ ical in most family relationships.Merge with another company. Merging with a similar company to come up with a new entity is deemed to be a win-win situation, since the two companies are in the same line of business, or within the same industry. Thus, they will benefit from sharing skills and resources.Go public. This means you should consider an IPO (initial public offering). Unfortunately, this is no longer the most popular and preferred option these days, after the decline of the IPO rate since 2000, during the bursting of the Internet bubble. It was originally seen as the fastest way to cash in, but now, many are shying away from it, primarily because the risk of incurring liabilities is higher, and the business will eventually have to deal with shareholders that are difficult and demanding. IPO is not for everyone. You need only look at the list of companies in the United States to realize that only a small number is completed annually. In fact, there are only a few that have s uccessfully completed their IPOs. It is complicated, it takes time, and it also requires a considerable amount of investment for it to get off the ground. Transaction costs of an IPO alone can run to the millions, and that is already money better off spent in running the business.There is also the fact that it is a complex process. There are a lot of hoops to go through, and everything must be done in accordance with the regulations set by the Securities and Exchange Commission.EXCLUSIVE NEGOTIATIONS VS AUCTION PROCESSBusiness owners contemplating an exit strategy often find themselves with another tough decision to make: choosing between a negotiated sale and an auction sale. Let us take a closer look at these two options.Exclusive NegotiationsThis involves having direct dealings with a single potential buyer or acquirer. There are two key features in exclusive negotiations. As the name implies, it is restricted between the business and the party interested in acquiring the company .Pros:Confidentiality is guaranteed. Since the talks are limited between the two parties involved, the details are kept between the two of them only. In the same way, should the negotiations fail, the unsavory details can be kept under wraps, so it does not adversely affect future and potential negotiations with other parties.It offers more flexibility. Dialogues could lead to more leeway when it comes to deadlines, timelines, and scheduling, as well as other details regarding the sale.Cons:The business owner will have less leverage when selling. After all, they are dealing with only one interested party or buyer, so there is no competition at all. This could result in the seller not getting a good price with respect to the valuation of the business.Auction ProcessIn this case, the business is marketed to multiple parties that may have an interest in acquiring.Pros:When done properly, the business seller is likely to get the best price and terms.Competitive tension among the multipl e potential buyers will spur them towards acting quickly to put in a bid or an offer for the business.Competition will also ramp up the price so that the seller can expect more cash.Cons:The process can be quite complicated and tedious, considering how it is done in several stages.There is possible collusion among bidders or potential buyers that may undermine the leverage of the seller.Information may become free-for-all since there are many bidders that will have access to what is supposed to be confidential information about the business.A ComparisonSo which is the better option between the two?Although auction sale is said to be the more preferred method of selling a business, it has its downsides that may make business owners hesitate and ultimately decide on going through exclusive negotiations.The decision on which is the better method will largely depend on what you, as the business owner, want to happen. You will also have to take into account the state of the marketplace t hat the business is in. There are simply marketplaces that will not allow for exclusive negotiations but will be ideal for auction sales and vice versa.One basic rule followed by many businesses is that, when there are at least two serious buyers, the best thing to do would be to go for an auction sale instead of undergoing exclusive negotiations.HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST EXIT STRATEGYIt is important to choose the best exit strategy in order to generate the best value and terms for the business.Earlier, we have enumerated several of the primary and most commonly used exit strategies. Choosing the right one among them is another hurdle that must be overcome. Here are some tips that will aid business owners when planning their exit strategy.Know your business inside and out, and how you can best present it to interested parties. You do not expect to have a successful exit strategy if there are no takers, do you? As the owner, you are in the best position to present your business in the m ost favorable light to attract potential buyers, acquirers or other parties that will figure greatly in your planned exit.Establish priorities for exit transactions. What is more important? You have to know what you need. The company may place more importance on generating cash to meet its obligations and working capital demands. It could also be that the seller is more concerned about speeding up the whole process so it can be quickly done and over with. In some instances, the primary concern of the seller is to exit with the least tax implication.List down your options. What, exactly, are the alternatives open to you? From the many exit strategies available, which one is applicable to your business? Eliminate those that are not applicable to your business; this will considerably narrow things down.Compare prices. Which among the options available to you will give you the best price and the best terms? You also have to consider the tax implications to the business, to you, and to t he other shareholders if you choose any of the alternatives.Compare the costs. Exit strategies will cost you resources. Which one will be more resource-intensive? Which one will cost you more money?Compare timelines. How long will the alternatives take you to plan properly for an exit? Will you have enough time to put the business in shape in order to meet the requirements of the strategy that you are considering?Consider the risk factors in disposal. Naturally, you are likely to scrap the exit strategy that will pose the most risk to you.Get good advice. It is a fact that exit strategies are not all that simple and straightforward. In fact, they are so complex that businesses seek the help and advice of professionals.At the end of the day, when choosing the exit strategy for your business, make sure that the circumstances of the business and the priorities it has established are aligned with the exit strategy being considered.

I Hear About The Teenage Gunmen Laughing - 1612 Words

Taylor Keasey Mr. Pappas Composition 12 31 April 2016 I Hear Them†¦ All I could hear is bang bang. I hear children screaming . I hear this boys voice asking the girl next to me, do you still believe in God? I could hear her settled voice saying yes! That s when I heard the next gunshot. My world turned upside down on April 20, 1999 when Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris came into our school with the worst intentions. I will never be able to forgive them. I can t get it out of my mind. I can still see the teenage gunmen laughing before shooting at the teachers and students in Columbine High School. Around 11:10 a.m. Eric talks to a student outside the west entrance of the school. According to the student, Eric had told him†¦show more content†¦Get down. Get under the tables, I yelled at the students that were in there. I had found a phone, and that s when everything started to happen. Jefferson County 911, what is your emergency? I am a teacher at Columbine High School. There is a student here with a gun. He has shot out a window. I believe one student- uh...umm...umm... I ve been-- I could hear shots, and I heard bombs go off beneath us, it sounded like World War 2. I knew we were going to die. Dispatcher: Who is the student? I don t know who the student is Dispatcher: ok I saw a student outside, I was in the hall-- (sound of shots and bombs being fired out in the hall) Oh, dear God! Okay! I was on hall duty, I saw a gu n. I said What s going on out there? And the kid that was following me said it was a film production, probably a joke. I said Well, I don t think that s a good idea and I went walking outside to see what was going on. He pointed the gun straight at us and shot and, my God, the window went out and the kid standing there with me, I think he got hit They re in here. They re killing all my students I need to go now. I had crawled underneath the desk that was in the library. I did not see the shooters. But I could hear them. I could hear them taunting all the kids and laughing at them when they would ask for mercy then bang. They called a black

Changes And Reforms Of American Industry - 962 Words

Change and Reforms in American Industry Between the 1880s and the 1920s, American Capitalism was greatly shifted by the rise of industrialism. The American industrial growth changed significantly after the Civil War. Hand labor was replaced by machines which vastly increased the number of production. Business leaders were able to expand their companies due to investors who provided great amounts of money. However, large companies took advantage of the tremendous growth of the general population by forming trusts and monopolies that only benefitted their own productions. Inflamed by the economic inequality between the rich and the poor and the growth of manufacturers, railroads, and work force, social movements such as populists, progressives, women’s suffrage and labor movements helped make changes in the United States’ economic, political, and social systems. The Gilded Age was an â€Å"era of serious problems that were masked.† For example, it was the era of masked political, economic, and social issues--such as wealth inequality, labor suppression and political corruption. Significant figures such as William Graham Sumner and Henry George played an important role during the Gilded Age. Although they shared different ideas of freedom they both helped our economy grow. Williams Graham Sumner believed in Social Darwinism. It was a 19th century theory that was inspired by Darwinism, by which the social order is chosen to the people that are best suited to existing livingShow MoreRelatedThe President Run Into When Initiating The Healthcare Reform And Why?1126 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem did the president run into when initiating the healthcare reform and why? Answer The immediate problem was that was it possible for the White House to agree and act jointly with the President on the healthcare reform. 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Impact of e-commerce strategies on Easyjet Sales Free Essays

string(147) " the network with link major airports with an large attachments areas , so it remains in high level frequency for business and leisure travellers\." Introduction: Easy jet is an European airline which was launched in 1995 by its founder Greekcy Priot Stelios Haji-Loannou. It was started with two wet leased Boeing like 737-200 aircrafts and today it operates 196 aircrafts with 20 buses all over around the Europe. It carried 45. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of e-commerce strategies on Easyjet Sales or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million passengers in the year of 2009 which made it as a second largest low cost European airline behind Ryanair. In 2002, Easy jet bought London Stansted based Go airline ? 374 million (easy-jet.com). Go was the low cost scheduled passenger airline which provides service within the Europe. The main reason behind this acquisition was profitable and established airline with strong growing aspects that reveals a year to year increase of 232 per cent. Nearly 90% of sales in Easy jet are online from this website. There are two significant features based on its success are: low price and E- commerce strategies .The purpose of this Easy jet‘s, online the presence of information’s and procedures to sketch and propose suggestion on the progression involved in creating a booming online presence( David Cynthia1999). Apart from this it will define its approaches for its significant success of industry. In this paper, we will first discuss about the approaches and it applies. Then based on PESETEL framework we will find out the reason for applying. And in final the merits and demerits approaches in order to discuss about the alternatives approaches for easy jet. The above figure shows out about the airlines point which tells the increasing and decreasing of online analysis. As airline industry it was first an upstart one which later tipped to be failed later (Johnson, Scholes Whittington 2008). An online pamphlet website is debatably best than anything. For instance, to attain more profit many organizations presence the society, community, discussion and contented into Easy jet online website [1]Camerer, C, (1985),. No wonder that, easy jet online sales strategy has made a significant success. Based on this success strategy we will see the two main approaches which are used in this research are: internal company and external company. This approaches precepts more preparation, planning and ideas with precise and clear understanding to reach the perfect goals of company strategy. In order to bud a better online sales we need to concentrate in certain task like forecasting, ease of steering, a well-built reception, implementing text with suitab ility for web, advertising , testing and accessing the goal for success way. Approaches focussed: For example, the internalities of company can be focussed in terms by (i) Direct sales approach (ii) website designs and merges. Whereas the externalities of companies like (i) density (ii) attraction of point to point networks towards consumers (iii) increasing in confidentiality and (iv) strong intense towards brand and advertising. Based on the above approaches we can define the following aspects into ten divisions. Divisions of approaches and applies: First of all Easy jet concepts is to provide a low fare for the route and optimise the saving cost methods. This is the main advantages for the easy jet in terms of comparison with other competitors because it does not consists of any luxury acts in terms of high class seat and all it just provides everything in a simple pricing structure. For example, if you book the tickets earlier you need to pay less. This attracts the consumers in terms of gaining a sensible price( Tony Morden 1993). Secondly, selling the tickets in online reduces the customers to get rid of from the counter because they are booking the tickets through email. So just an confirmation number is needed on screen, so that more complex issues in fulfilment of sales to distribution or warehouse, logistics to worry about the sale that had happened (Pritchard, 2002). Thirdly, Easy jet does not utilize outsourcing approach as it applies a direct sales strategy. For example, the customers directly pay with the payments so no commissions and intermediaries problems in terms of extra pay so that, the increases in sale of internet pay will be more than before at the same time. Fourthly, the website designs are appropriate. For example, it is mentioned in the case study that orange colour is necessary for the convenience of customers. This can avoid the wrong booking date and spell by the customers in rather terms of implying the correct low cost ticket( Pritchard , 2002); instead of high design the website mainly focuses on the speed and simplicity so that , they can efficiently provide good services to the customers. The below figure tells the seat rates when the customers books ticket earlier. These are also efficient in customer service. Fifthly, Easy jet pushes out the sales percentage of an internet penetration through the way of carrots and sticks. Carrot means to attract the customers in the guise of discounts and inventory which were booked in a online. Stick means to restrict the flights available to customers on a phone which applies a simple price structure. The more the early they book the less will the cost for the tickets. This provides a milestone like millions seats which were sold online to attract the consumer. Sixthly, the customers confidences are increased when they book in the online it ensure the security to the data. This reaches the high brand in terms of awareness with consumers and supported by innovative advertising ( Easy jet 2002) . To ensure such type of the security we have to store the customer data in a web platform (Pritchard, 2002). Seventhly, Easy jet applies to the Microsoft technologies which are more convenient, affordable, ease and focusing resources on a single skill to support the business need. Eighthly, Easy jet merged with go and working on full support in order to jump it as a transaction volume. It applies a great stress and capacity planning to ensure its ready in terms of volume (Pritchard 2002). Ninthly ,According to Easy jet annual report of 2002/2003 it utilise the dense point to pint the network with link major airports with an large attachments areas , so it remains in high level frequency for business and leisure travellers. You read "Impact of e-commerce strategies on Easyjet Sales" in category "Essay examples" In this consumers will be more for online booking. Finally, Easy Jet is busy working on intranet projects discussion forums, feedback forms, so the senior managers know about staff’s intensity (Pritchard, 2002). This approach makes employee relations in an effective way and void industrial action (e.g. Cabin Crew strikes) and interrupted operations. Over view of PESTEL analysis: Political factors: it decides the deregulation of European flight market in 1997, theResult for this is any airline can operate any route within the European Union. Before, the market for flight was largely controlled by the governments of European countries, trying to secure their respective national carriers market share (Geiger et al., 2009). According to The Times, the development of freedom of movement and trade in the European Union has led to greater levels of completion on European routes coupled with increased movement of people. These enable Easy Jet to offer the route between any point in the European Union. For example the countries like Iraq with an unstable political Environment may cause restrictions and the uncertainty of air travellers; the United Kingdom and European countries have a stable political environment. Economic factors: Back to 1998 the Easy Jet applied E- commerce strategy, as the world economy grew and the development of global economy, the demand of air travels increased rapidly. But the cost of fuel has increased recent years, therefore efficient financial management of fuel reserves including trading with options and futures is getting more and more important to keep cost down and be competitive in the market place. And because the global economy recession, the air travel is affected, but on the other hand easy Jet focus on Low cost strategy which became attractive to travellers. Social factors: Lifestyle, tastes and fashions are all changing; customers require opportunities to visit new and interesting, haul, destination (Oxford IS, 2010).Because of this economy recession the number of unemployment has increased and the bargaining power as an employer has increased. So low fare air travel has a significant travellers. So it is important to ensure customer comfortableness. Technological factors: There are two main technology issues involved: modern aircraft and Internet technology. According to the Times, modern aircraft are safer and economic to run in cheap as possible. With the development of Internet, airlines can easily realize direct Sale approach, and also it takes benefits to both customers and the company. For the customers, it would be efficient and easy to purchase the tickets and confirm through email. In same time we can book hotels and other things. As a result, it improves the customer satisfaction in terms of convenience. Environment factors: The company needs to pay attention to the noise pollution control and energy consumption control that required by the government, and it may increase the operation cost. Consumers are becoming aware of the environmental impact of their actions (British Airway, 2009) and it started to get increase among them. So the failure of adopting a protect environment strategy may affect the company income and reputation. Legal factors: According to Open Skies Agreement (AEA, 2009), it provides the opportunity for airlines freely transport between the European Union and the Unite State. It increases the opportunity for easy Jet to expense the network and attract more travellers. The recognition of trade unions and industrial action (e.g. Cabin Crew strikes) is an important issue the company needs to pay attention to. So it is necessary for the company to know the feeling of staffs to remain good employee relations. Through the PESTEL analysis we can find that the approaches of Easy Jet has used in the creation of online sale which are suitable for the vision of the company. This develops the strength of largest low cost airline in European country (Easy Jet, 2003). Merits and demerits of approaches: Figure 1 and 2 illustrates the financial performance of Easy Jet since 2000 to 2010. The strategies applied have made a positive impaction on the sales and the number of passengers’ increases every year, especially in 2003 after merging with Go. I think there are five main advantages by applying the approaches: more customers, customer satisfaction, wider geography, high efficiency and cost saving. Through the low strategy planning the Easy jet wins in terms of quality. To access the online booking of Easy jet it is very simple and also customer can book hotel and transport through this website while booking the tickets. It offers a better and convenient service to customer which can increase the customer satisfaction. As Easy Jet maximize the using of e-commerce, it enables a wider geography for the tickets that can be booked online.. For example, customer can get all the travel information such as time, price, and so on the Internet, so the call centre agent does not need to cover each Item for every customer. It saves the workload of the company and makes more efficient. As this applied for the direct sale approach and the majority sale of tickets is through Internet, the cost for operation is been decreased. It needs not to be re-located to a larger facility .Through these approaches we have made a big success but there are some disadvantages which needs to pay attention like offer of low fare tickets, fuel prices increase, and this will affect the profit from the increased fuel costs. As we know, 90% of sales are generated from its website, so Internet and information system play a very important roles for the sale. It will be a disaster if the system crash or customers cannot access Internet, as the company would face big loss and impact the reputation of company. To void such disadvantages, the alternative approach is to reinforce the distributors to balance the ticket sale approaches. Instead of direct sale and sale most of the tickets through Internet, Easy jet can apply outsourcing strategy to corporate with intermediaries. With a balance tick ets sale system, the risk and loss will be minimized when the internet system does not work. Conclusion Thus from the above case study and analysis we conclude that Easy Jet has become one of the largest low cost airlines in Europe with 90% sale online. And through this case study, we can also notice that information system has a significant impact on the process of strategy management. Based on the case study, we can conclude that there are three aspects that information system affects strategic management: reach new customers, Easy Jet applied online ticket sail which helps to reach wider geography customers. The business information is processed efficiently and lower cost for the operation change the industry structure, the fast and accurate information can affect the industry structure, especially when high information content is required. For instance, the information system does not need to establish new call centres for the increasing sale. So the provision of effective information system is therefore an important part of the corporate strategic task (Lynch, 2006). Reference Camerer, C, (1985), â€Å"Redirecting Research in Business Policy and Strategy†, Journal of Strategic Management, Volume 6. Harvard business review. (1999). Corporate strategy . Harvard business school press Johnson, G. , Scholes, K. Richard Whittington (2008). Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Pearson Education. Lynch, R. (2006). Corporate Strategy. 4th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Easy Jet. (2011). Easy Jet to become North West’s largest airline – Over 4 million passengers a year.http://www.easyjet.com/EN/News/largest_airline_in_the_north_west.html. Accessed 27.02.11. Easy Jet. (2011). Low cost, care and convenience. http://corporate.easyjet.com/en/about?easyjet.aspx. Accessed 27.02.11. The Times. (2011). Economic conditions. http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theoryeconomic?conditions362.php. Accessed 28.02.11. Oxford Information Services. (2010). An analysis of British Airways Marketing Environment. http://www.coursework.biz/Essays/University/Business_Studies/115/. Accessed 28.02.11. British Airways. (2009). Strategic Report 2009. http://www.scribd.com/doc/23329171/British?Airways?Strategic?Plan. Accessed 02.03.11. Reachlive. (2002). Interview with Simon Pritchard of easyJet. http://www.reachlive.net/interviews/Q4?02/Simon_Pritchard.htm. Accessed 02.03.11 Tony Morden (1993).Business strategy and Planning. McGraw- hill book company ltd. [/level-freee-rstricted] How to cite Impact of e-commerce strategies on Easyjet Sales, Essay examples

The Cell Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability free essay sample

The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability 1. Molecular motion: A and D 2. Velocity of molecular movement: B and C 4. Size of pores. Solubility in the lipid portion of the membrane and/or presence of membrane â€Å"carriers† for the substance(s). 5. Glucose- (a) move into the sac Albumin- (c) no movement Water- (b) move out of the cell NaCl- (a) move into the celll 7. Hypertonic- C- crenated Isotonic- B Hypotonic- A- hemolysis, bursting open due to swelling . A) faster diffusing gas- NH4OH B) Precipitate forms closer to the HCL side. 9) If a cell must use ATP to directly or indirectly transport the molecule it is active transport, if ATP is not needed for the transport it is passive. 10) Passive processes: a, c, eActive- b, d, f 11) The tube was in a dialysis sac which was in water. Since water moves down its concentration gradient it diffused from the beaker into the sac, where its concentration was lower. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This caused the fluid column to rise in the tube. 12) Define the following terms: Diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a water permeable membrane from higher concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Simple diffusion: Movement of molecules from higher concentration to a lower concentration. Uses kinetic energy of the diffusing molecules. Filtration: Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower hydrostatic pressure. Active Transport: Transport systems that require the cell to provide ATP. Phagocytosis: Intake of extracellular particles by extending the plasma membrane out around the particle. â€Å"Cell eating. † Fluid-phase Endocytosis: Intake of extracellular fluids by vesicle formation. â€Å"Cell drinking. †

Feasibility Study Essay Example

Feasibility Study Essay Example Feasibility Study Essay Feasibility Study Essay Oxford business institute has been agued by some analysts that the challenge being faced does not require textbooks solutions. Other analysts argue that a more practical approach has to be adopted if all their survival has to guarantee. Use of off the shelf system in Colleges had become a norm in Colleges as directors in these Colleges were very much interested in improving the security of their systems and it is these application software programs obtained from foreign countries which had proved to be better in terms of security.This was because most College institutions had not done much in terms of system development. The problems bedeviling the current systems in our College institutions in relation to the current economic solutions have justified the development of bespoke systems that will be able to address the College issues across the industry regardless of the charges that may be faced. 2. 0 SCOPE OF THE STUDY It is hoped that this study will serve as an important in an attempt to improve the effectiveness and performance of the systems used in our College institutions.From this study the benefits and problems associated with the use of bespoke systems in the market are going to be determined. This study will provide alternative suggestions and or solutions to the problems associated with the failure to recognize the importance of using bespoke systems in a turbulent macroeconomic environment. : It is hoped that this study will initial debate that is based on practical knowledge and theoretical knowledge found in different information Technology textbooks.It will also help employees and management in the education sector that systems design and development is a process and not just an event. 3. 0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study aims to do the following: Improve the processing speed. It will improve the sharing of information between the College and other stakeholders. Promote understanding of why the information is needed and the purpose for which it is used. It will allow improved planning and decision making by providing individuals with secure access to appropriate, accurate, consistent and timely information whenever it will be needed. . 0 JUSTIFICATION Implementation of bespoke systems is widely being regarded as an answer to the prevailing macroeconomic challenges in the country the research was carried out to decide whether the project was justified and also to determine the objectives of the system. The main force driving the researcher to carry out the study is the increasing complexity in running the affairs of the College institutions due to the volatile macro-economic environment, which means the quality of decisions made determine the survival of such organization.As the administration department in Colleges deal with most of the assets of the firm in a volatile real time environment of fluctuating interest rates and market conditions, adequate internal and external controls are vital to the functioning of such an environment to reduce fraud. Thus the study aims to provide such controls. Losses are very detrimental to a College’s growth and survival, therefore the study aims to provide a solution that will reduce any losses that occur from the system used in the management funds and improve decision making in funds management operations. . 0 ASSUMPTIONS The system will be programmed using Visual Basic. All machines using this system must have at least Microsoft windows XP. That the use of bespoke system is a potential solution to challenges faced in the financial sector. The IT department will reserve enough HDD space on their Database server so that data can be processed via the terminal server. 6. 0 LIMITATIONS 1. The limitation is that the administrator is the main source of information for the user requirement of the system. 2.From questionnaires that are distributed some employees left some of the sections of the questionnaire blank and some supervisors who were interviewed were unable to answer some of the questions that were on the question guide. The researcher therefore draws his conclusion from those unanswered sections of the questionnaires and unanswered questions from structured question guide. 3. The student major challenges were monetary and time constraints. Time was of relevant importance, in that it was difficult to adhere to the project plan that was set out of the beginning of the project, owing to various constraints like project documentation. DETAILS OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM Introduction This generally looks at the research methods used. The main focus is the data collection criteria used to collect data. Data was collected in at least one organization in each service category of the College services sector the purpose of the survey was basically to justify the need the development of a College management system. Extensive research was carried out on the development of a College management system. System development experts were consulted to give hints and guide lines and to solve problems which were faced by the researcher.Analysis of Current System The current system will make job much easier for the administrator, the will be no need for the administrator to take so much time in searching for a particular student, but she will simply type in the student course and student number. The student details will soon appear. The advantage of this system is that it eliminates time for the administrator. Having the new system will boost the administrator in terms of being updated to current technology. This will lift up the face of the college and the end user will show more enthusiasm because of its efficiency to the current system.The current system will increase performance on processes, end user flexibility on working with new system and mass storage space (database). The administrator does most of the work in the office . She records all the students that have registered and paid their installment. With that, she is able to calculate the student’s payments. Their records are also stored in folders by the administrator. The administrator also keeps records of the accounts of the college. Problems with the current System Expensive to maintain. May not fulfill the user requirements. Some of the resources may not be useful. Benefit of the new systemTangible benefits Reduced errors therefore minimizing the cost associated with the purchasing of stationery. Minimizes time wasting due to an organized system that will provide pre-printed list of customer’s details and contacts. No development time needed. Support is obtained from experts. The application has already been tested and approve. Elimination of job steps. Reduced expenses. Intangible benefits Improved employee morale. Improved customer goodwill. Improved employee morale. Services to be provided by the new system will be greatly improved since all necessary operations will be performed positively. Better decision making. Details of Study Undertaken Research Questions Have the College upgraded their system in the past one year? What are perceived benefits and costs of the proposed system? What objectives and business requirements must be supported by the new system? Is the new system going fit within the College’s framework? Does the firm’s budget and schedule accommodate for the development of the system posing any delay upon its operation? What security treats is associated with the proposed system? Is the system user friendly such that user and managers will accept its implementation? What should be the target population and sample size? What measuring instruments should be used? Which sampling method should be employed? What resources are required before the system is implemented? What is the proposed solution and how does it aid mana gement of funds and reduce fraud in the investment system? Research Design / Information Gathering A survey of the research was carried out which included interviews, questionnaires and observations. The main objective of the survey was to determine the effectiveness of the current system in the sector.This made up the feasibility study of the project. The researcher used the case study. The advantage of a case study is that it does not claim any particular method for data collection or analysis and it has certain characteristics of particularistic, descriptive, heuristic and inductive. Interviews carried were general in nature because they were meant to establish if the off-the –shelf system were performing to expectation. The other data collection was for the purpose of development of the system itself, for example database field required and the problems the system should solve.The questionnaire and interviews instruments were used to gather data. The design of the questio nnaire was guided by the desire to make it simple and easy to complete and easy to code and analyze. This was achieved by the use of closed ended questions and every effort was made to provide lists of response options except where opinions or ensure or personal explanations were needed. The wording of the questions was taken into consideration in making the questionnaire easy to understand and respond to.Provocative language was avoided to ensure cooperation of the respondents. The questionnaire covers the most important issue that concern performance appraisal. Care was taken not to make its brevity compromise the ultimate objective of gathering data from the respondents. Subjects The project was carried out at Oxford Business Institute of Swaziland, the College of interest and at the SMS . The SMS was chosen as a control because it uses the same College management system as Oxford’s College and that it is the second largest College institution in the country.In order for t he sample to be representative of the total population, the researcher had used the most notable sampling procedure of a stratified random sampling since the population under study contains same well defined groups or sub-population (which are called strata). In each stratum there would be homogeneity in terms of the variable under investigations such that variability in a stratum will be in the following categories that are as follows: Level of Computer Literacy Position Held Years of Experience Age Group Research InstrumentsThe researcher used the personal interviews for the managerial staff members and the questionnaires methods to collect data College Department staff members, as well as Record Inspection. The Appendixes section of this document contains some of the question asked to the relevant staff regarding the feasibility of the new project, limitations of the current system and the improvements expect to be implemented used to collect data. Interviews As an oral face- to- face communication, it provides to be one of the most reliable method of gathering information as it provides instant feedback.The other reason why this method was adopted is that it gives room for vague questions, as well as maintaining maximum attentions between the two parties involved. This helps the analyst by providing with deeper insight into the current system, in terms of understanding its strengths and weaknesses. Among the persons interviewed are; the Administrator who in fact is the user of the system, the Secretary and the Director. The reasons why Director was interviewed are quite variable. The analyst wanted to see how much value he gives to the system, as well as assessing the economic feasibility of the proposed system.The other reason why interview had been opted instead of the other fact gathering techniques is that, the analyst noticed that the Director is always busy, so for her to obtain instant feedback she had to carry out an interview. The reason behind in terviewing the Administrator range from the need to figure out the limitations of the current system, as well as to incorporate his suggests in the new system, as he is the direct user of the system. The other reason is for the analyst to know the system inputs, processing and nature of the output thereafter. Moreover as mentioned earlier on, among the persons interviewed is also the Director.The idea is that the analyst wanted to assess the social feasibility of the proposed system, as well as criteria that could be adopted to ensure maximum user co-operation with the new system. The other reason is for the analyst to know the scope of the system. The researcher had selected the personal interview as it is the most commonly used method of collecting data. The personal interview has the main advantages of the following: a)A high response rate, the researcher can persuade all members to respond including the most reluctant to answer the questions. )The researcher (interviewer) can ex plain any questions that the interviewee cannot understand. c)The researcher can check the answers to some questions by making a visual check of age, for example questions about their experience or life style if any exaggeration will be visibly obvious. d)More information can collected with other methods as generally more time will be devoted by interviewee to a personal interview. From the above points it can be noted that advantages outweigh the disadvantages hence the researcher has chosen this data gathering instrument.Observation on site Practical observation of the current system’s operating procedures was done. The purpose was for the analyst to gather as much information as necessary to aid him analyzing the current system. Observation on site also caters for some of the activities, which may be inexplicable to the user of the system. The analyst took four days and for each day he spent two and half-hours with the user of the system. Therefore the analyst found out th at the current system involves a lot of form handling.Realistically, it has also been found out that the system lacks structured design, in other words there was no any convention followed either, when capturing data into the system or when generating the reports. The researcher had also used questionnaire method to collect data from staff of College Departments its main advantages include. 1)The bias of an interviewer is removed. 2)The respondent is not asked to give instant replies and answers can be considered carefully and records consulted if necessary. 3)The sample can usually be collected from much wider area. )It is less costly method that the personal interview although the number of useful response received may make it expensive in the long run. However this data gathering instrument has its own disadvantages that are as follows: 1)There is usually a very poor respond rate. 2)Bias may be introduced because only a particular type of person may reply perhaps people such as p ensioners with plenty of time on their hands or people who simple enjoy filling in questionnaires. A greater danger is that only those who have particular interest in that subject being investigated will reply causing a biased response. )Nobody is on hand to explain questions so come may be incorrectly answered or not answered at all. Only very simple questions can be answered. 4)Questions may be filled in as team effort so that opinions several people embodied in one form. 5)There may be considerable however tried to counter most of the advantages of the questionnaire by constantly monitoring the movements of questionnaire and providing some assistance when required. Record Inspection / Reading Documentation Archival data as well as report generated by the current were inspected so as to figure out the input requirements and analyst how best to improve the output.The documents were obtained from the Director. Some of the reports used as samples are attached on Appendices section. D ata Collection Procedures The researcher distributed questionnaires to interested parties that include the representation of all students in the College from junior classes to senior classes. The researcher carried out the entire interview herself. Data presentation and Analysis procedure The finding of this research is presented using descriptive statistics that highlight the methods for organizing, displaying and describing data by making use of tables, diagrams and summary measures.Data presentation process To confirm that off the shelf system were falling to perform to expectations in the financial service sector at the moment such questions were asked 1)What shortcomings if any are you facing when using the current system? 2)Are you happy with the performance of the current system? 3)Does the current system solve the current problems arising in the industry? 4)In terms of efficiency does the current system improve or deteriorates and why? 5)Is the current system file based or c omputerized? 6)Are there any issues of data redundancy and duplication in the current system? )How flexible is the current system? 8)Does the current system allow data sharing and networking? 9)Are there any issues of paperwork involved in the current system? 10)General Which service type do you belong? Name of organization? Position held? Results of the questionnaires Of the 30 questionnaires all were completed and returned to the researcher giving 100% respond. However some employees felt that it was better to order for an upgrade of the current system than developing a bespoke system as these could compromise security in the operations system of the College services sector.One respondent was not sure whether developing a new system would make a different from upgrading the current system as she was mainly interested in reports only. The table graph below shows the results: Response Employees Develop a new system22 Upgrade the current system6 Not sure1 Questionnaires results Effic iency Respondents were asked whether the current system was efficient in performing expected tasks. Findings obtained are tabulated below: POSTGRADEEFFICIENTNOT EFFICIENTRESPONDENT (FREQUENY) Teachers11055 Secretary10044 Administrator9033 Front Office Clerk8223Portfolio 17022 Portfolio 26202 Finance Officer5325 Head of Department2022 Head of Department(College management system)1022 Total72228 Employees who are directly involved with the current system such as Administrator and Back Office clerks showed that they regarded the current system as inefficient and Heads of Departments including the College Principal also indicated their dissatisfaction. Portfolio executives and the Finance Officer who are mainly concerned with certain reports and not the functionality of the system indicated that they regarded the system as efficient.This means only 32% of the respondents regarded the system as efficient and 68% regarded it inefficient. Performance The question was if the employees were satisfied with the performance of the current off- the- shelf system that was currently being in the. The response was on a YES/NO basis. The summary of the response is tabulated below. Performance SatisfactionFrequency Yes4 No18 In Between7 Performance Satisfaction Pie Chart 62% of the respondents said they were not satisfied with the performance of the current system and 24% were not sure whether the system performance was satisfactory.Flexibility The respondents were asked whether the system was flexible enough to accommodate any system requirement that would arise in the industry. Findings on the research are shown below: Flexible2 Not flexible25 In between1 A very small percentage of 7% compared said the system was flexible compared to 89% who said the system was not flexible. The respondents who regarded the system as not flexible sighted the inability of the system to cater for latest request issued by Swaziland Revenue Authority. Demographic Characteristics of RespondentsThe demographic characteristics of the respondents are going to be looked in the section that follows. Distribution of Respondents by Age, Post and Sex The respondents were asked about tier grade and post in the questionnaires and during interviews. The following table shows the distribution of the respondents by Age, post and sex. POSTGRADESEXSEXRESPONDENTS (FREQUENY) MALEFEMALE Data capture clerks112 Supervisors101 Black office clerk93 Front office clerk81 Finance Executive 171 Finance Executive 262 Executive officer 153 Executive officer 241 Head of Department 132 Head of Department 222 Head of Department 12TOTAL91120 It is the evidence from the table above that the sample is representative of the population as all the grades that exist in the College management system Department are being represented. A substantial proportion of the sample comprises Clerks and Executive Officers 30% while more than 50% of the sample was in the grade of 2 to 10. There is also a gender balance as the proportion of male female respondents was almost similar with 45% male 55% female. The distribution of the sample by gender is also shown in the table below. Distribution of Respondents by their Level of EducationLevel of Education of respondents LEVEL OF EDUCATIONNO OF RESPONDENTS% AGE Ordinary Level14 Advanced Level27 Tertiary Education1`346 Degree1243 TOTAL28100 From the questionnaires and interviews that were distributed and conducted, it is evident that 46% of the respondents possess professional qualifications like Institute of Chartered Management and LCM and 43% are degree holders. This gives enough evidence that the respondents have a better understanding of the need of an efficient and effective system in organization. Histogram showing level of education of respondentsDistribution Of Respondents By Service Type SERVICE TYPEFREQUENCY% AGE Management414 Accounts519 Teaching725 621 All service type was fairly represented considering that the percentage different was just 10 % with the least represented with 14% and highly represented with 25%. Discussion and Interpretation From the analysis it can be clearly deduced that the off- the –shelf system are failing to perform to expectation. Questions were asked across important an area to prove that there was real needs to find other alternative and effective ways of solving the current problems facing the College service sector.The conclusion is that there’s an urgent need for the design development and implementation of a bespoke system that can be customized to meet the challenges arising in the financial services sector. Further development of these off-the –shelf systems has proved costly as evidenced by the high costs being incurred by Voctim Vocational Training in paying the software houses who develop and maintain their system. The idea of locally developing software will save the much needed foreign currency that could have been paid to external developers who most of the time overcharges their systems by quoting the exchange rate with a grey market rate.SMS is the tonic realization of the employees who have been affected in terms of efficiency by reverting back to paperwork after the current system could not handle further requests by the Swaziland Revenue. ALTERNATIVES TO THE SYSTEM Possible Solutions FEASIBILITY STUDY Six Test For Feasibility So far, we have defined feasibility analysis, and we have identified feasibility checkpoints during systems analysis. Feasibility can be viewed from multiple perspectives. Below we present six categories of feasibility tests. Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a solution meets he identified system requirements to solve the problems and take the advantage of the opportunities envisioned for the system. Cultural (or political) feasibility is a measure of how people feel about a solution and how well it will be accepted in a given organization climate. Technical feasibility is a measure of a practicall y of a specific technical solution and the availability of technical resources and expertise to implement and maintain it. Schedule feasibility is a measure of how reasonable the project time table is. Economic feasibility is the measure of the cost-effectiveness of a project or solution. Legal feasibility is a measure of how well a solution can be implemented within existing legal and contractual obligation. Actually, few systems are infeasible. Instead, different solution options tend to be more or less feasible than other. Let’s take a closer look at the four feasibility criteria. ?Operational feasibility Operational feasibility is the measure of how well a proposed system solves the problem and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during the scope definition and problem analysis phase and how well it satisfied the system requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase.Operational feasibility also asks if, given what is now known about the problem and the cost of the solution, the problem is still worth solving. ?Cultural (or political) feasibility This is related to operational feasibility. But where operational feasibility deals more with how well the solution will meet system requirement, cultural/political feasibility deals with how end users feel about the proposed system. You could say that operational feasibility evaluate whether a system can work, and cultural/ political feasibility ask whether a system will work in a given organizational climate.In an information age, knowledge is power. It is common for an information system to change the structure of how information is routed and controlled, changing to some power structure of the organization. Some users and managers may feel threatened and fight implementation of the system. Recognize that increasingly the culture of an organization is multicultural. Employees and divisions may have been merged in from different companies with widely varying perspective on how work should be structured and what information system should do and not do.With international organizations, and information system must also be accepted by multiple national cultures. The following questions address this concern. Does management support the system? How do the end users feel about their role in the new system? What end users or managers may resist or not use the system? Can this problem be overcome? If so, how? How will the working environment of the end user change? Can or will end users and management adapt to the change? ?Technical Feasibility Today, very little technically impossible. Consequently, technical feasibility looks at what is practical and reasonable.Technical feasibility addresses three major issues. 1. Is the proposed technology or solution practical? 2. Do we currently possess the necessary technology? 3. Do we possess the necessary technical expertise? Is the proposed Technology or Solution Practical? The technology for any defined solution is normal a vailable. The question is whether that technology is mature enough to be easily applied to our problems. Some firms like to use state-of-the art technology, but most firms prefer to use mature and proven technology. A mature technology has a larger customer base for obtaining advice concerning problems and improvements.Do we currently possess the necessary technology? Assuming the solution’s required technology is practical, we must next ask ourselves, is the technology available in our information system shop? If the technology is available, we must ask if we have the capacity. For instance, will our current printer be able to handle the new reports and forms required of a new system? If the answer to either of these questions is no, then we must ask ourselves, can we get this technology? The technology can be practical and available, and, yes, we need it. But we simply may not be able to afford it at this time.Although this argument borders on economic feasibility, it is tr uly technical feasibility. If we can’t afford the technology, then the alternative that requires the technology is not practical and is technically infeasible. Do we possess the necessary technical expertise? This consideration of technical feasibility is often forgotten during feasibility analysis. Even if organization has the technology, that doesn’t mean it has the skills required to properly apply that technology. For instance, organization has a database management system (DBMS).However, the analysts and programmers available for the project may not know that DBMS well enough to properly apply it. True, all information systems professionals can learn new technologies; however, that learners curve will impact the technical feasibility of the project – specifically, it will impact the schedule. ?Schedule Feasibility Given the available technical expertise, are the project deadlines reasonable – that is, what is the schedule feasibility of the project? Some projects are initiated with specific deadlines. It is necessary to determine whether the deadlines are mandatory or desirable.For instance, the project we want to develop a system to meet oxford’s reporting regulation may have a deadline that coincides with when the new reports must be initiated. Penalties associated with missing such a deadline may make meeting it mandatory. If the deadlines are desirable rather than mandatory, the analyst can propose alternative schedules. It is preferable (unless the deadline is absolutely mandatory) to deliver a properly functioning information system two months later than to deliver an error –prone, useless information system on time , While missing deadlines can be problematic, developing inadequate system can be disastrous.It’s a choice between the lesser of two evils. ?Economic Feasibility The button line in many projects is Economic Feasibility. During the early phases of the project, economic feasibility analysis amounts to little more than judging whether the possible benefits of solving the problem are worthwhile. Costs are practically impossible to estimate at that stage because the end users are requirements and alternative technical solutions have been identified, the analyst can weigh the costs and benefits of each alternative. This is called a costs benefit analysis. ?Legal Feasibility Information systems have a legal impact.First of all, there are copyright restrictions. For any system that includes purchased components, one has to make sure that the license arguments are not violated. For one thing this means installing only incensed copies. But licensed arguments and copy protection can also restrict how you integrate the data and processes with other parts of the system. If you are working with contract programmers, the ownership of the program source code and nondisclosure agreements have to be worked out in advanced. Union contracts can add constraints to the information system on how workers are paid and how their work is monitored.Legal requirements for financial reporting must be met. System requirements for sharing data with partners could even run up against antitrust laws. Finally, many information systems today are international in scope. Some countries mandate where data on local employees and local transactions must be stored and processed. ?The Button Line Operational and economic issues often conflict. For example, the solution that provides the best operational impact for end users may also be the most expensive and, therefore, the least economically feasible.The final decision can be made only by sitting down with end users, reviewing the data, and choosing the best overall alternative. Cost Benefit Analysis Techniques Economic feasibility has been defined as a cost benefit analysis. How can cost and benefit be estimated? How can cost and benefits be compared to determine economic feasibility? Most Colleges offer complete courses on these subj ects – courses on financial management, financial decision analysis, and engineering economics and analysis. The section presents an overview of the techniques. How much will the system cost? Cost fall into two categories.There are costs associated with developing system, and there are costs associated with operating a system. The former can be estimated from the outset of the project and should be refined at the end of each phase of the project. The latter can be estimated only after specific computer based solutions have been defined. The cost of developing an information system can be classified according to the phase in which they occur. System development costs are usually onetime costs that will not recur after the project has been completed. Many organizations have standard cost categories that must be evaluated.In the absence of such categories, the following lists should help: Personal costs- The salaries of system analysts, programmers, consultants, data entry perso nnel, computer operators, secretaries, and the like, who work on the project made up the personnel cost. Because

4 Tips for Writing A Strong Cover Letter

4 Tips for Writing A Strong Cover Letter While a well-written resume shows off a job candidate’s skill set, an effective cover letter offers a different yet related opportunity: the chance to demonstrate why you’re the right candidate for the job on one pithy page. Consider these four tips designed to help your cover letter stand out from the crowd. 1. Make it PersonalWhile you might be able to get away with recycling your resume for multiple jobs, this is an absolute no-no when it comes to cover letter writing. Why? Because cover letter are all about showing off how your background, skills and experience match the needs of a company as they pertain to the job for which you’re applying.Effective cover letters are anything but cookie cutter. Rather, each cover letter should be carefully crafted to match with the job at hand.Making it personal also means addressing the letter to an actual human person. While it may take a little time to identify the proper department head or hiring manager, doing so demon strates initiative and resourcefulness.2. Focus on FitEven if you’re the most amazing candidate in the world, this attribute is worthless if your cover letter fails to convey how your skills match the position. Pay careful attention to the job description when writing your cover letter, using keywords and key phrases to showcase your qualifications.However, keep in mind that anyone can throw some keywords on a page. Don’t arbitrarily stuff your cover letter with keywords; instead, come up with specific examples which align with what the company is looking for.In addition to researching the job, also research the company, along with its products and services. More and more companies are prioritizing â€Å"cultural fit† when it comes to filling open positions. Understanding a company’s culture can help you focus your cover letter for best success, while further enhancing your status as a desirable candidate.3. Catch Their EyeHundreds of resumes may cross a hiring manager’s desk every single day. How do you make sure yours gets noticed? Skip the conventional â€Å"five paragraph† letter, and instead use bullet points to highlight your strengths. This spares hiring managers the task of sorting through your essay trying to identify its main points. Instead, it does the work on their behalf. You will still need an introduction and closing paragraphs, but stick with bullets to deliver the content you want to emphasize.4. Assert YourselfMany cover letters lack one essential element: a call to action. While expressing your gratitude is important, ending with a follow-up is a much stronger appeal. Whether you mention that you’ll call to check in on the status of your resume next week or express that you’re looking forward to further discussing why you’re right for the position, including a call to action not only demonstrates confidence, but also gives you the chance to show you’re accountable.Ultimat ely, if a good cover letter is a foot in the door, a call to action is the chance to leverage that food into something greater.One tip, however: if you say you’re going to follow up, FOLLOW UP.While it’s impossible to fully understand what’s going through a hiring manager’s mind when evaluating candidates, a cover letter gives you the opportunity to make a positive first impression. These four tips can help you take your cover letter from average to amazing.

Transition of Art to Photography in Terms of Realism Essay

Transition of Art to Photography in Terms of Realism - Essay Example Presently, such a world seems unimaginable thanks to photography: it comes with visual souvenirs; pictures of common and prominent people; advertising pictures that create a desire within the public while, at the same time educating them concerning all products the modern consumer culture is capable of offering; medical, diagnostic devices; incredible perceptions of exotic places, together with the outer space; world news pictures; and most significant, pictures of the events, as well as intimate moments of personal life (Keil 19). The photography technology is partly chemical and partly optical, dating back in 1839. Shortly after its instantaneous discovery by William Henry Fox Talbot of England, together with Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre of France, photography get used in documenting foreign places of interest like India, the American West and the Holy Land. Apart from that, it got applied in portraits along with photographs of kings, statesman, as well as theater or even literary personalities. However, during the 19th century, cameras were in most cases in the hands of either professionals or entrepreneurs who were self-educated thereby trying photography as a trade. Photography does not require professional licensing or even guild membership; therefore, in the mainstream, anyone has the capability of buying the equipment, obtaining the directions, and proceeding. This directness of the medium makes photographic practice liberated from the traditions, which had grown up throughout painting or a variety of printmaking arts (Keil 32). With the introduction of precoated dry plates in 1878, the tiresome and cluttered coating of glass plates inside the darkroom or even dark tent, for those photographers out in the field got eliminated, and with the availability of precoated photographic papers, printing of photographs turned out to be much easier, while, at the same time, more predictable. As a result, photography could be exercised by hobbyists or amateurs, mor e so by lovers of the medium since the majority of the people, who had the leisure for an advanced hobby such as this one, were not only educated, but also sophisticated, and desired to come up with photographs resembling Art (Keil 47). In the past, film cameras filters got used in the modification of both the spectral content i.e. color, intensity of light, while, at the same time, generating outcomes like soft focus. However, digital cameras tend to operate differently when it comes to color; there is a possibility of performing color modification in camera with ease by setting white balance. Therefore, for film warming, as well as cooling filters, or those filters capable of converting fluorescent light unto daylight where necessary, digital has the ability of achieving the same effects through internal operation of the digital data. There as a number of filters needed for digital including a polarizing filter, special effect filter, a UV filter, filters for infrared effects, a n eutral density filter plus a given graduated neutral density filter. It is impossible to digitally simulate the results of a

Enviromental issues (carbon footprints) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Enviromental issues (carbon footprints) - Essay Example According to the American Meteorological Society (AMS, 2007), the direct human impact on the climate change is through the enhanced concentration of trace gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor which, collectively, are known as the greenhouse gases. With the enhanced amounts of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere, the infrared radiation emitted by the earth and its atmosphere is blocked by the thickening blanket of greenhouse gases, resulting to increased warmth in the earth’s temperature in its attempt to equalize the incoming and outgoing flows of energy. AMS (2007) further reports that Carbon dioxide (CO₂) accounts for about half of the human-induced greenhouse gas contribution to global warming since the latter part of 1800s. CO₂ concentration has been increasing mainly from fossil fuel burning and partly from clearing of vegetation. Significant part (50%) of the increased CO₂ emissions remains in the atmosphere, while the rest of the earth absorbs continually the remaining 50%. Interestingly alarming is that the atmospheric CO₂ concentration has been increasing at a much faster rate than any other observed in the past several thousand years’ geological record. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF, 2009) reports that around 97 percent of the CO₂ emitted by the western industrialized nations is mainly coming from burning coal, oil and gas energy. The western industrialized nations spew into the atmosphere approximately 25 billion metric tons of CO₂ each year, which is enough to cause temperature build-up that seriously disrupts the world climate’s natural balance. As the scientific community continues to understand, monitor and discover things about the environmental changes happening around the globe, it also tries to translate scientific discoveries into

Seaweeds :: Biology, Biodiversity, Marine Food

Seaweeds belong to a group of organisms that has enormous ecological importance and represent a significant proportion of the world’s biodiversity. Seaweeds have always been of great interest in Asian culture as marine food sources (Rioux et al., 2009). In contrast, Seaweeds represent an important economical resource mostly in the countries of East and south Asia where they are not only largely harvested but also intensively and largely employed in the human nutrition (Caliceti et al., 2002). They can be classified as green algae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta) and brown algae (Phaeophyta) depending on their nutrient and chemical composition (Dawczynski et al., 2007). In addition, the seaweed industry uses tones of wet seaweeds annually, either from the wild or from cultivated crop (Dhargalkar and Verlecar, 2009). Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are potential renewable resource in the marine environment and known to be extremely rich source of bioactive compounds (Chandini et al., 2008). Therefore, algae can be a very interesting natural source of new metabolites with various biological activities that could be used as functional ingredients (Plaza et al., 2008). Biological activities are correlated to the presence of chemical compounds, particularly secondary metabolites. The presence of these compounds may assist in predicting some traditional uses of medicinal plants (Kamatou et al, 2008). However, novel potential areas have to be explored in order to maximize the effective utilization of seaweeds. The Phaeophyceae or brown seaweeds are a large group of multicellular algae, and they play an important role in marine environments both as food, and for the habitats they form. Most brown seaweeds contain the pigment fucoxanthin and various pheophycean tannins which are responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color as the name indicated. Worldwide there are about 1500 species of brown seaweeds and they produce vast numbers of useful secondary metabolites (Davis et al., 2003, Reddy and Urban, 2009). Some species are of sufficient commercial importance, such that they have become subjects of extensive research in their own right. The term cosmeceutical is now commonly used to describe a cosmetic product that exerts a pharmaceutical therapeutic benefit (Choi and Berson, 2006). Therefore, cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have medical or drug-like benefits. Dermatological research suggests that the bioactive ingredients used in cosmeceuticals do indeed have benefits beyond the traditional cosmetics such as creams, lotions, and ointments (Chen et al., 2005). There are number of synthetic components have been extensively used as ingredients for cosmetics. Seaweeds :: Biology, Biodiversity, Marine Food Seaweeds belong to a group of organisms that has enormous ecological importance and represent a significant proportion of the world’s biodiversity. Seaweeds have always been of great interest in Asian culture as marine food sources (Rioux et al., 2009). In contrast, Seaweeds represent an important economical resource mostly in the countries of East and south Asia where they are not only largely harvested but also intensively and largely employed in the human nutrition (Caliceti et al., 2002). They can be classified as green algae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta) and brown algae (Phaeophyta) depending on their nutrient and chemical composition (Dawczynski et al., 2007). In addition, the seaweed industry uses tones of wet seaweeds annually, either from the wild or from cultivated crop (Dhargalkar and Verlecar, 2009). Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are potential renewable resource in the marine environment and known to be extremely rich source of bioactive compounds (Chandini et al., 2008). Therefore, algae can be a very interesting natural source of new metabolites with various biological activities that could be used as functional ingredients (Plaza et al., 2008). Biological activities are correlated to the presence of chemical compounds, particularly secondary metabolites. The presence of these compounds may assist in predicting some traditional uses of medicinal plants (Kamatou et al, 2008). However, novel potential areas have to be explored in order to maximize the effective utilization of seaweeds. The Phaeophyceae or brown seaweeds are a large group of multicellular algae, and they play an important role in marine environments both as food, and for the habitats they form. Most brown seaweeds contain the pigment fucoxanthin and various pheophycean tannins which are responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color as the name indicated. Worldwide there are about 1500 species of brown seaweeds and they produce vast numbers of useful secondary metabolites (Davis et al., 2003, Reddy and Urban, 2009). Some species are of sufficient commercial importance, such that they have become subjects of extensive research in their own right. The term cosmeceutical is now commonly used to describe a cosmetic product that exerts a pharmaceutical therapeutic benefit (Choi and Berson, 2006). Therefore, cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have medical or drug-like benefits. Dermatological research suggests that the bioactive ingredients used in cosmeceuticals do indeed have benefits beyond the traditional cosmetics such as creams, lotions, and ointments (Chen et al., 2005). There are number of synthetic components have been extensively used as ingredients for cosmetics.

Artemis Fowl: The Eternity Code Essay

To start this story, Eoin Colfer introduces the characters and setting in an unusual fashion. Since this book is a sequel, he has the difficult task of introducing the characters to new readers while still keeping it interesting for the ones who have stayed with him through the previous books. He accomplishes this masterfully and with a BANG. He immediately hooks the reader and simultaneously explains the complicated web of his excellent cast of characters. We begin in a Knightsbridge Bistro, present time, and are introduced to the protagonist: a pale adolescence genius by the name of Artemis Fowl and his trusty Eurasian bodyguard Butler. We are also introduced to the antagonist: the shadowy American businessman and fugitive John Spiro and his hulking, beastly, body guard Arno Blunt. Artemis is there to present an offer to the dangerous American. Artemis has stolen fairy technology in the form of a cube (all of which is explained in the prior books) that can read any mechanical information and present it with incredible speed and precision. His offer is that he will not release this incredible product for 9 months, and in that time Spiro can sell all his stock and put it into Fowl Industries. John is suspicious and asks for a demonstration. He requests that Artemis track all the laser satellites monitoring him at that specific moment. Fowl is happy to comply and the machine begins to whirl. It picks up satellites belonging to the FBI and other government owned operations. It then tells them that the LEP is monitoring him as well. Artemis is stunned and quickly shuts up the box. Spiro is confused by the LEP warning, but doesn’t think much of it. Then the inciting incident happens. Artemis and Butler suddenly find that all the restaurants occupants are arms and trained on the two heroes. Spiro has been in control the entire time and with a chuckle he leaves with the cube clamped tightly in his hands. He leaves Arno to make sure that Fowl and Butler are exterminated. Artemis is surprisingly calm in the face of danger. He quotes and old English philosopher and with the final words the building’s occupants fall screaming to the ground. Our hero’s were not niave and completely trusting of Spiro. Therefore, they planted sonic charges inside the building. Artemis and Butler are saved by the ear plugs worn in their ears. Butler leaves Artemis unguarded while he scopes the rest of the building. Arno awakes and with his M9 takes aims and fires into the chest of Artemis. At this point, the reader is either extremely confused, or at the edge of their seat. And to raise suspense Colfer leaves Artie and Butler at a cliff hanger for a minute and changes to another exposition. This time it is with a Fairy by the name of Holly Short in the underground utopia of Haven City. This is a refuge for magical creatures of all sorts to gather and to thrive. A place where technology is far superior then that of the surface world and the â€Å"Mud Men†. Holly and Artemis have crossed paths twice before and even had a slight romance. Holly is part of the LEPrecon police force. LEP standing for Lower Elements Police. Currently she was escorting a group of routy goblins to Police Plaza. All their cars are electronically oriented on a hub in the middle of the city. Suddenly all power goes out in the city. All cars are shut off and every entrance and exit are blocked. This can mean one of two things; A power failure, which is impossible with the countless backup generators the city has, or they have been exposed to the humans. Holly immediately rushes to Police Plaza and reports for duty. She is sent to investigates what has happened and why. The story then returns England and to the conflict. Arno Blunt is aiming his pistol at Artemis and is about to fire when Butler jumps into his way and absorbed the bullet into his own chest. Arno flees the scene as Butler slowly bleeds to death. And with that, the suspense begins to build, Artemis freezes Butlers body in a fish cellar and contacts Holly to help him. She has less then 6 minutes to zoom (with her wings) from her surface entrance in Ireland to England. She arrives with seconds to spare and proceeds accomplish a tricky magical surgery and Butler manages to survive. He is now armed with the anger and hatred to kill Arno Blunt. Now the reader understands the main conflict, Artemis and his friends must discover a way to enter John Spiro’s seemingly unpenetratable fortress and take his prized position. Holly finds that it was Artemis who â€Å"pinged† the Haven. If Spiro were to get past the â€Å"Eternity Code† set up by Fowl to secure the cube the existence of the Lower Elements could be exposed to all mankind. Holly agrees to help Artemis only if he agrees to have his mind wiped after the exposition. Artemis hurriedly agrees and formulates a plan hat he tells only parts of to everybody. They then proceed to execute the well formulated agenda. Spiro cannot open the cube since it has an Eternity Code on it, that only Artemis can open. Artemis goes to the Spiro Needle and tells him that it may take weeks to crack the code. Spiro keeps him under house arrest until he completes his objective. Then an invisible Holly, with the help of some of her technologically sophisticated buddies, infiltrates the building. Eager to show off, John presents the complex security system to Artemis, which Artemis records on his iris cam. Holly frees Artemis and then begins the climatic event. Spiro’s paranoia caused him to move his bed to right in front of the cube. Holy and Artemis manage to seduce him by pouring gas from the air filters and continue to work their way through the complicated security measures. They pass the first few test with ease, but they must have a finger print of John’s thumb. They cut his thumb at the joint and are now in extreme pressure to get through the cube and back. Holly can only reattach the thumb using her magic before 2 minutes. This is the peak of pyramid, the reader is practically sweating with anticipation. The duo manage to get back 30 seconds after their apparent deadline and reattach the thumb. After that adventure the story must wind down. How could it not after a climax like that? The dangerous duo continue their way out of the Spiro Needle and head home. While all of that was happening, Butler had been given a special assignment due to his obvious injury. He has the task of saving all their files related to fairy information onto disk that the more sophisticated fairy wouldn’t notice. He is ready when the two adventurers return with their prize. It is quickly destroyed by holly, smashing it into a million pieces. The story could end right now, but there’s a few things needed to be wrapped up. The fairies are left with a dilemma, if they mind wipe Fowl will he become the evil little devil he was in the first book? Will he find a way to get past their mind wipe, but not have the emotional piece of the puzzle, therefore trying to lead another assault on Fairy Kind? Despite the risks they decide to wipe him anyway. The fairies have enough photographs and information to lock Spiro up for the next decade and the story ends sadly with Holly looking at the oblivious friend she had come to love.

The Cold War And Postmodern Eras - 1579 Words

America is often said to envelop in culture of fear. American elites have established this supremacy by the means of propaganda. From the Cold War to the War on Terror, these elites have maintained power along with the American Government to make sure they have control of their consumers. This has been accomplished with the establishment of an American foreign policy that has helped create a bipolar world. It allows America to focus on its interest and create a myth that the American people have a destiny to fulfill in the world. Thus understanding the implications of a foreign policy and use of propaganda as a way to inject fear into the American society is the tool that would be used during the Cold War and Postmodern eras. It is then†¦show more content†¦The Cold War was established after World War 2, where tensions between American and the Soviet Union had created two sides. On March 12, 1947, the Truman Doctrine would establish the set of ideas for a bipolar world. The Truman Doctrine was America s foreign policy that would be the building block for America s foreign interests from 1947 – 1991 (Donaldson pg.35). According to Andrew Bacevich, an American historian specializing in interna tional relations, security studies, American foreign policy, and American diplomatic and military history, wrote, Foreign policy has, for decades, provided an outward manifestation of American domestic ambitions, urges, and fears (Bacevich pg.5). Foreign policy would be the underlining factor that would direct America in its conflicts against the Soviet Union. The doctrine was a speech given by Truman, asking congress for the funding to stop the Communist expansion. Truman wanted to prevent the domino theory where if one country fell to Communism, the others around it would soon follow. The Red Scare was already forming even before World War 2 but did not catch on until the late 40s. The first Red Scare was formed under the bipolar world, which sought to rid communism from America through labeling. The civil rights movement in 1947 was cut short by the first Red Scare, as they were labeled as communists (Donaldson pg.17). The elitists would takeShow MoreRelatedKurt Vonnegut : The Co ncept Of Postmodernism1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthe extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives.† Through his statement, he endeavored to associate a theory to the shifting concept of postmodernism; to synopsize different events, experiences, and phenomena in history through a universal appeal to truth. While his supposition, through equation with the poems of Kurt Vonnegut, Charles Olsen, or John Cage - does indeed seem to hold validity; to define postmodernism remains difficult. 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